1 1 50 Rural School Leaflet 



The cattle of the United States have come chiefly from England, Scot- 

 land, the Channel Islands (the islands of Jersey and Guernsey in the 

 English Channel) , and Holland. The beef breeds and all the dairy breeds 

 except the Holstein-Friesian originated in England, Scotland, and the 

 Channel Islands. The Holstein-Friesian cattle came from Holland. 

 The man who may be called the father of all modern breeding and improve- 

 ment of cattle was Robert Bakewell, who lived in England from 1725 to 



1795- 



2. The parts of the body of the cow are shown in the illustration on 



page 52 and require no further explanation. The udder and the 

 milk veins make up the mammary organs of the cow. The milk veins 

 do not carry milk. They drain the blood from the udder. The fresh 

 blood from which the milk is manufactured is supplied to the udder from 

 the heart through arteries and is drained away through the milk veins. 



The larger the milk veins, the larger the amount of 

 blood probably flowing through the udder and the 

 larger the milk production of the cow. 



The wedge shape and the dairy shape are ex- 

 plained in the article in this leaflet on " The Beef 

 Age of cattle told by per- Type and the Dairy Type," by H. H. Wing, page 



manent incisors. Tha 1 1 54. 



middle pair, marked 1, 



appears at eighteen The body of the cow is so made up that she 



months of age; the pair can re2 ic]i much farther forward when she kicks 



marked 2 appears at 



twenty-seven months; than can the horse. This enables her to protect 



the pair marked j at jier udder to a greater extent. A horse usually 



triivty-stx ttiotitris * the 



outer pair, marked 4, kicks straight out with both feet to protect him- 



appears at forty-five se j£ 



months . 



3. A cow has thirty-two permanent teeth: 



twenty-four molars — twelve on each side, six above and six below — and 

 eight incisors. The incisors are all on the lower jaw. The place of the 

 incisors on the upper jaw is taken by a hard pad of cartilage against 

 which the lower, chisel-like teeth strike when the animal crops the herb- 

 age in the pasture. The arrangement of the teeth of the sheep is the 

 same as that of the cow. Sheep and cows can crop the grass closer to 

 the ground than can horses. 



4. A calf, when born, has two pairs of incisors. The other two pairs 

 appear during the first month. When a calf is 18 months old he loses 

 the middle pair of " milk " incisors and grows a permanent pair. The 

 next pair, one on each side, is replaced at 27 months of age, the third 

 pair at 36 months, and the fourth, or outside, pair at 45 months. The 

 time of the appearance of these incisors varies within rather narrow limits, 

 so that we are able to tell the age of young cattle fairly accurately. A 



