Insect Pests and Plant Diseases. 



179 



grown the maggot leaves the fruit, passes into the ground and there transforms 

 inside a tough, leathery case. Cultivation has been found to be of no value as a 

 means of control. The only effective treatment is to pick up all windfalls every 

 two or three days and either to feed them out or to bury them deeply, thus killing 

 the maggots. 



The small caterpillars live in pistol — or cigar-shaped cases, 

 Case-bearers, about i inch long, that they carry around with them. They 



appear in spring on the opening buds at the same time as the 

 bud-moth and may be controlled by the same means. Cornell Bulletins 93 and 124. 



This '^cale is nearly circular in outline and about the size of a pin 

 San Jose scale, liead (Fig. 150). When abundant it forms a crust on the 



branches and causes small red spots on the fruit. It nuiltiplies 

 with marvelous rapidity, there being three or four broods annually and each mother 

 scale may give birth to several hundred young. The young are born alive and 



San Jose Scale. 



Scurfy Scale. 



Oyster Shell Scale, 



Fig. 150. The three common scales infesting the apple. 



breeding continues until late autumn when all stages are killed by the cold 

 weather except the tiny half-grown, black -scales many of which hibernate safely. 

 Spray thoroughly in the fall after the leaves drop, or early in the spring be- 

 fore growth begins, with lime-sulphur wash, or miscible oil, i gal. in 10 gals, of 

 water. When badly infested make two applications, one in the fall and another in 

 the spring. In case of large old trees, 25% crude oil emulsion should be applied 

 just as the buds are swelling. Geneva Bulletins 262, 296 and Circular 9. 

 /-\.^^„a.p_ eUpii This is an elongate scale, g inch in length, resembling an oyster 

 1 shell in shape and often encrusting the bark. It hiber- 



/p- * , nates as minute white eggs under the old scales. The eggs 

 hatch during the latter part of May or in June, the date depend- 

 ing on the season. After they hatch, the young may be seen as tiny whitish lice 

 crawling about on the bark. When these young appear spray with kerosene 

 emulsion, diluted with 6 parts of water, or whale-oil or any good soap, i lb. in 4 or 

 5 gals, of water. 



