Drainage in New Yokk. 



2r>: 



The \()W% hanrllcrl shovel — Xo. 3 — is user! in throwing out loose earth 

 and the pick — Xo. 2 — in loosening hard strata and removing Ixjiilders. 

 Grading scoops are shown at Xos. 4 and 7. Xumber i is the grade line 

 for which purpose one of the best is the plumb line cord used by carpen- 

 ters and masons. Xumber 8 shows good types of grarle and level stakes 



rFig. 205). 



{2) Ditching machine. — On large projects where the soil is not 



excessivclv stony the ditching machine, a type of which is shown in Fig. 



Yio. 207. — A traction ditching machine in operation on clay loam soil at the New 



York State College of Agriculture. 



207, may be used to good advantage. There are very few farms which 

 have enough drainage to warrant the purchase of so expensive a machine, 

 but if there is a large amount of ditching to be done in the neighborhood, 

 it may be profitable to purchase such a machine for either co-operative 

 use or for job contract work. Under fairly favorable conditions the 

 excavation may be made as cheap, if not more cheaply, by the use of the 

 machine than by emfjloying hanrl labor and where hand labor is scarce 

 the former may be the most satisfactory arrangement. The machine 

 shown in Fig. 207 has been used on the University farm during the fall of 



