284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



of the larval legs. On the yentral side of abdominal segments: 

 2-7 there is a single median proleg — a mere soft, white, trans- 

 versely placed ridge, without hooks or claws. The abdomen is 

 without other tubercles, spines or hairs. On the posterior end 

 of the scarcely narrowed abdomen is a broad, white respiratory 

 disk, with the two usual spiracles [pl.O, fig.2], large, distant,, 

 black, bordered with golden yellow in life. There are four thick 

 processes at the border of the disk, of which the upper two are 

 set apart the full width of the disk, have very blunt apexes and 

 are pubescent externally, while the lower two are a little more 

 pointed and a little closer together. 



The anal aperture is closed by two operclelike plates, which 

 open to allow the protrusion of the four delicate, white, elon- 

 gate, curved, triangular anal processes (gills). 



Pupa [pl.9, fig.3]. Length 12mm, horns almost 2mm additional;, 

 diameter l.omm. Color clear yellowish white at first, darkening 

 with age, and showing before transformation the adult color 

 pattern through the transparent skin; surfaces shining, nearly 

 smooth. Head and face directed ventrally, with a pair of shorty 

 sharp pointed, stout, ventrally directed, divergent frontal spines. 



The hypertrophied and functionless respiratory horns are 

 large, long and stout, abruptly bent forward in their cylindric 

 middle portion, beyond their short erect bases, and convergent 

 a.t their tapering tips. They are very suggestive of cow horns 

 in their shape, and a crumpled horn on one side is of rather 

 common occurrence. The antennae curve dorsally around the 

 eyes and knees and disappear beneath the wings. Legs laid 

 flat against the ventral surface, the tips of the tarsi all ending 

 near the apex of the fourth abdominal segment; wing tips reach- 

 ing only to the level of the carina on the second abdominal 

 segment. 



Abdomen with sides parallel as far as the eighth segment;; 

 the apical carina on each segment is fringed with short, stiff 

 hairs (on the ventral side of the eighth segment, more comb- 

 like, and interrupted on the median line in the female). The 

 rudiments of the four discal processes and the atrophied spir- 

 acles are plainly seen on the dorsum of the eighth segment. 



Beling found the larvae of the European E p i p h r a g m a 

 pi eta abundant in the rotting stems of ash and beech in the 

 spring, transforming in -May after a pupal period of about two- 

 weeks. He has described^ a very unusual sexual differentiation 

 in the larvae. The respiratory disk was said to be surrounded 



by five processes arranged in a pentagon in the male, by three' 



\ \ 



iBeliug. Th. ziir Naturgeschichte verscbiedener Arten der Tipulideu_ 

 Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien. 1873. 23:590. 



