SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS. 57 



-winter all cedar trees in the orchard and for a mile on all sides 

 were destroyed, with the result that in 1892 not a single tree 

 was rusted in the whole orchard, where for some years before 

 most of the trees had been badly affected. Where the removal 

 of cedar trees can be accomplished without difficulty it is per- 

 haps the best method to follow, but in many cases the orchardist 

 does not control all the cedar trees in the vicinity of his orchard, 

 and, moreover, in some parts of Nebraska the cedar trees are as 

 valuable as the apple trees. In such cases something else 

 must be done if we wish to grow the varieties that are suscep- 

 tible to the rust — and some of our most desirable sorts are very 

 susceptible. 



PLAN OF SPRAYING TESTS. 



In the spraying tests against apple scab and cedar rust, six 

 varieties of apples were used, namely, Ralls Genet, MaidenBlush, 

 Winesap, Sweet June, Jonathan, and Wealthy. Of these, only 

 the last two are troubled with rust, while all of them except 

 Wealthy are usually injured by scab. The Wealthy, Sweet June, 

 and Winesap trees used in the tests were young, the first two 

 being five years old and the last one eight years old. The Rails 

 Genet, Jonathan, and Maiden Blush were old trees standing in 

 a neglected orchard. Of the rust-susceptible, varieties, the 

 Jonathan trees stood over a quarter of a mile from the nearest 

 cedar tree that showed any rust. The Wealthy trees were in 

 two blocks, one on low land close to and almost surrounded by 

 cedar trees badly affected by rust, and the other on high land 

 somewhat farther from cedar trees 



In aU tests the spray mixture used was liquid Bordeaux of 

 the ordinary strength, about four pounds of copper sulphate 

 and four pounds of quicklime to fifty gallons of water (see direct- 

 ions for iDreparing Bordeaux mixture, pagfe 19). The spraying was 

 very thorough in every case. Ther fist spraying was given April 

 26 and 27, soon after the apple leaf buds had begun to expand 

 and when the characteristic tubes had begun to break from the 

 brown knots on the cedar trees. This spraying included Jona- 

 than, Wealthy, Sweet June, and Ralls Genet. The second 



