68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



1890 Country Gentleman 55:538 (Tettigonia). 



1891 7th Rep't N. Y. State Ent., p. 345 (Tettigonia). 



1891 Weed, C. M. Ins. & Insecticides, p. 156-57. 



1893 Lintner, J. A. 8th Rep't N. Y. State Ent., p. 256-57 (Empoa). 



1894 Van Duzee, E. P. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:313. 



1895 Comstock, J. H. and A. B. Manual Study of Ins., p. 154 (Empoa). 



1895 Gillette, C. P. and Baker, C. F. Col. Agric. Exp't Sta. Bui. 31, 

 p. 112. 



1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentlemen. 61:7(13. 

 1898 Gillette, C. P. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 20:771-72. 



1900 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp't Sta. Bui. 69:131-32. 

 1905 Felt, E. P. Ins. Affect. Prk. & Wdld. Trees. 1:191. 

 1910 25th Rep't N. Y. State Ent, p. 90. 



1910 Webster, R. L. Ent. News. 21 :267. 



191 1 Felt, E. P. Econom. Ent. Jour. 4:413-14. 



PERIODICAL CICADA 



Tibiccn septendceim Linn. 



Plates 19-24 



The large size of the insects, their immense numbers, the 

 accompanying- roar, the spectacular injury and unique life his- 

 tory, all combine to excite popular interest in the periodical 

 visitations of this remarkable species. The season of 191 1 was 

 marked by the appearance of the large Hudson river brood, the 

 only one occupying any great extent of this populous watershed. 

 A Cicada colony, especially if the insects occur by the millions, 

 abounds in interest. The early part of the visitation is marked 

 by the numerous dirty yellow, grublike pupae leaving their bur- 

 rows by the thousands in late afternoon or early evening, climb- 

 ing adjacent vegetation and rapidly transforming to the beau- 

 tiful yellowish white, black spotted, red-eyed insects which at 

 this time cling to foliage and stems and appear not unlike 

 blossoms, and by the following morning have assumed the more 

 sombre colors of the hardened adult. Later the empty pupal 

 shells may be seen clinging to trunks, branches and leaves, 

 while the black, red-winged adults rest upon the foliage or sit 

 motionless on trunk or branch. Hundreds may be driven to 

 flight by shaking small trees. Cicada notes may herald the ris- 

 ing of the sun and if the day remains clear, the sound gains 

 volume with the increase in temperature and. in the case of 

 numerous colonies, resembles the distant hum of a busy factory. 

 The serenade may be continued long after dark on moonlight 

 evenings. 



