194 NEBRASKA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



potatoes, corn and other crops. The orchard can be used for such crops 

 when young to good advantage if proper care is exercised in the cultiva- 

 tion. All kinds of garden crops and strawberries do well in such cases 

 if planted in rows to allow the use of the cultivator. Small grain and 

 alfalfa or grasses should not be grown in the orchard in most sections 

 of the state as the trees must be cultivated to succeed well. Nearly every 

 orchard should be cultivated up to the middle of July until it is eight or 

 ten years old and during very dry seasons it is advisable to continue the 

 cultivation a few weeks longer. It Is also often advisable to cultivate 

 early in the season in old orchards, continuing this cultivation should 

 there be a heavy crop of fruit maturing and not a liberal amount of rain- 

 fall. Small fruit, such as raspberries, currants and gooseberries may be 

 grown in the rows of trees, and will do better where partly shaded. 

 The chief consideration in planting is to get the soil firmly packed about 

 the roots. In planting cherries and plums care should be taken not to 

 plant so deep that roots may start above the graft union. The severing 

 of such roots in cultivating will often cause them to send up sprouts 

 which are very annoying. Most cherries and plums are budded or 

 grafted on stocks that do not sprout from the root and the bud or graft 

 union should not be placed more than an inch and a half or tw'O inches 

 below the surface of the ground so that the improved top which will 

 sprout up is not deep enough in the ground to form roots. 



A good wind-break should be planted on the north, west, and south 

 sides of the orchard. The Austrian, Scotch or Bull pine are the best for 

 this purpose. Do not plant cedar trees as the cedar rust has become a 

 serious pest. In orchards with cedar trees growing near, such varieties 

 as Whitney, Wealthy, Jonathan and Northwestern Greening have b'?en 

 defoliated by this disease which is common to the apple as the cedar. 

 A row or two of some fast growing deciduous tree may be planted on 

 the outside of the pines to serve as a protection until the pines ??ei well 

 started. 



The following varieties of fruits are recommended for general plant- 

 ing in Nebraska: 



Winter Apples — Janet, Northwestern Greening, Grimes' Golden. York 

 Imperial, Ben Davis, Jonathan, Missouri Pippin. 



Fall Apples — Plumb's Cider, Snow, Wealthy, Utter's Red. 



Summer Apples — Duchess, Yellow Transparent, Chenango Straw- 

 berry, Early Harvest, Whitney No. 20, Cooper's Early White. 



Upright growing varieties, such as Whitney, Yellow Transparent, 

 Chenango Strawberry, Missouri Pippin and Wealthy, do not require so 

 much space as varieties which spread more like the Northwestern Green- 

 ing, York Imperial, Utter's Red and Winsap, and when planting this fa«-t 

 should be taken into consideration if space is limited. 



The Early Richmond and Montmorency cherries are about The only 

 varieties that can be recommended for general planting. They are both 

 medium early kinds but can be relied upon nearly every year. Most of 



