146 



Bulletin 244. 



about 60 years of experimenting for the English farmer to find the place 

 for mangels. They began to displace the rutabaga, turnip and cabbage 

 on some of the farms about 1830 to 1840, but it made comparatively 

 slow progress and in America it has made little headway. Finally it was 

 found that its good keeping quality made it an excellent succulent feed 

 for the last months of winter and those of early spring. A place having 



been found for it, its 

 improvement began. 

 Up to this time its use 

 in France and Ger- 

 many was much more 

 extensive than in Eng- 

 land. In these coun- 

 tries the development 

 of the beet-sugar in- 

 dustry directed atten- 

 tion to the subject and 

 several eminent work- 

 ers took part; among 

 these may be men- 

 tioned the Vilmorin 

 family of France whose 

 work in the develop- 

 ment of better beets is 

 so well known. Law- 

 son in 1836 mentions 

 the common red man- 

 gel as the one generally grown, also Red Globe, Yellow or Golden mangel, 

 and the white mangel used for sugar-making. In 1851 several varieties 

 of mangels were grown in Great Britain, the Long Red being the one most 

 generally raised ; other varieties were Red Globe, Long Yellow, Yellow 

 Globe, Lewin's Orange. The White Globe and Long White mangels, 

 which were grown for sugar-making in France, yielded about half that of 

 the other varieties. Grant described five varieties of mangels and four 

 of sugar-beets in 1867, although he states that there are many more; and 

 he gives details in regard to culture and the yields. For over 115 years 

 mangels and sugar-beets have been grown more or less sparingly in 

 America. In this time most of the varieties sown have been European, 

 and the seed has been European grown. Recently it has been shown that 

 sugar-beet seed can be grown successfully in this country and the same 

 is true of mangels. 



Fig. 56. — Yellow Belgian carrot. A good stock carrot, 

 but its roots are sometimes non-uniform, and it is 

 not adapted to a wide variety~o[^soils. 



