Teachees' Leaflet. 587 



do with the habit the young calf has of lying still while the cow goes 

 away to graze ; this renders the large udder necessary in which to store 

 the milk of several hours making and is correlated with the large stomach 

 of the calf, which will contain an udderful at a meal. This peculiarity of 

 feeding her young is what has made the cow so useful to man as a milk 

 giver. See " Country Reader." Note that the covering of the cow is 

 short, stiff hair ; note also that if cattle are left out of doors during the 

 winter this hair becomes shaggy and unkempt ; it seems to be a natu- 

 ral way of providing warmth, and the same is true of the horse. Read 

 the excellent chapter on Wild Cattle in the Life of Animals, Ingersol, 

 pp. 234-251. 



LESSON CLVL 



THE USEFULNESS OF CATTLE. 



Purpose. — To make the pupils understand the importance of cattle 

 to mankind. 



When man emerged from the savage state his first step toward 

 civilization was domesticating wild animals and training them for his 

 own use. During the Nomad stage when tribes wandered they took 

 their cattle along. See Bible stories. From the first these animals have 

 been used in three capacities : First, for carrying burdens and as draught 

 animals; second, as meat; third, as givers of milk. They were also used 

 in the earlier ages as sacrifices to the various deities. 



As beasts of burden and draft animals the oxen are used still in 

 many parts of the United States. For logging especially oxen are far 

 more valuable than horses. They are patient and will pull a few inches 

 at a time if necessary, a tedious work which the nervous horse refuses 

 to endure. Cows, too, have been used as draft animals and are so used 

 in China to-day where they do most of the plowing; in these oriental 

 countries milk is not consumed to any extent, so the cow is kept for the 

 work she can do. In ancient times in the East, white oxen formed a 

 part of the royal processions. 



LESSON CLVIL 



MILCH AND BEEF-CATTLE. 



Purpose. — To teach the pupils to recognize some of the chief breeds 

 of cattle and to know the good points of each. 



Because of two main uses of cattle by civilized man he has bred them in two 

 directions, one for producing beef and one for milk. The beef cattle are chiefly 

 Aberdeen-angns, Galloway, Short-horn or Durham, Hereford and Sussex; the dairy 

 breeds are the Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Holstein-Frisian and Brown Swiss. 

 The beef animal is in cross section approximately square, being big and full across 

 the loins and back ; the shoulders and hips covered heavily with flesh ; the legs 



