Teacher's Leaflet. S2I 



is mixed with some secretion from the glands of the bee which brings about chem- 

 ical changes, the chief of which is changing the cane sugar of the nectar into the 

 more easily digested grape sugar of the honey. After the honey is emptied from 

 the honey stomach into the cell it remains exposed to the air for some time before 

 the cell is capped and thus ripens. It is an interesting fact that up to the seven- 

 teenth century honey was the only means people had for sweetening their food, 

 as sugar was unknown. 



Bee-bread is made from the pollen of flowers which is perhaps mixed with saliva 

 so as to hold together ; it is carried from the field on the pollen baskets of the hind 

 legs of the workers ; it is packed into the cell by the bees and is used for food. 

 Propolis is bee glue ; it is used as a cement and varnish ; it is gathered by the bees 

 from the leaf-buds of certain trees and plants, although when they can get it the 

 bees will take fresh varnish. It is used as a filler to make smooth the rough 

 places of the hive; it often helps hold the combs in place; it calks every crack; 

 it is applied as a varnish to the cells of the honey comb if they remain unused for 

 a time, and if the door of the observation hive be left open the bees will cover the 

 inside of the glass with this glue, and thus make the interior of the hive dark. 



The young bees are footless, white grubs. Each one lives in its own little cell 

 and is fed by the nurse bees, which give it partly digested food from their own 

 stomachs. The removal of honey from the supers does not do any harm to the 

 bee colony if there is enough honey left in the brood chambers to support the bees 

 during the winter. There should be twenty-five or thirty pounds of honey left in 

 the brood chamber for winter use. In winter the hives should be protected from 

 the cold by being placed in special houses or by being encased in larger boxes, 

 leaving an opening so that the bees may come out in good weather. The box hive 

 is best for both winter and summer, as it surrounds the hive with a space, which 

 is filled with chaff, and keeps the hive warm in winter and cool in summer. Many 

 bee-keepers put their bees in cellars during the winter, but this method is not as 

 safe as the chaff hive. Care should be taken in summer to place the hives so that 

 they are shaded at least part of the day. The grass should be mown around the 

 hives so that the bees will not become entangled in it as they return from the fields 

 laden with honey. 



WINTER STUDY OF THE WALNUTS. 



Black Walnut (Juglans nigra). 



Butternut or White Walnut (Juglans cinerea). 



Give some history of their commercial and horticultural value. Brit- 

 ton states that the family name of these trees is a contraction of the 

 Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter, and the lover of nuts will not 

 wonder at their being thus highly esteemed. But the timber is much 

 more valuable than the fruit, the hard, rich, dark brown, beautifully 

 grained wood of the black walnut causing it to be much in demand by 

 cabinet makers ; rifle manufacturers too, have used it for the gun-stocks 



