THE BOTANY OF THE BUSH FRUITS. 247 



souri and the sources of the Oregon, and far northward into British 

 America. 



The black raspberry was first brought under garden culture about 

 1850, being much younger in cultivation than the other raspberries, 

 but in spite of this fact it is to-day of much greater importance than 

 the others. This is largely due to the fact of its greater productive- 

 ness, its wider adaptation, and the fact that it can be grown as a farm 

 crop for evaporating purposes. 



Rubus leucodermis Doug. — This species is very similar to the black 

 raspberry, differing from it chiefly in the color of the fruit, which is 

 yellowish-red. In forms which are supposed to be typical the leaflets 

 are more coarsely toothed and the prickles stouter and more strongly 

 hooked, though these latter characters do not always hold. Practi- 

 cally speaking it is a yellow-fruited black raspberry, though its distri- 

 bution is entirely different from that of the black raspberry. It is 

 found in the mountains of Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, 

 and northern Utah. It seems never to have been introduced into 

 cultivation. 



Rubus phcenicolasius Maxim. — Japanese Wineberry. — This re- 

 sembles the raspberries in habit, but its canes are densely covered with 

 reddish glandular tipped hairs. Occasional, long, straight prickles 

 intermingle with these, becoming recurved on the leaf-stalk and veins 

 of the leaves beneath. The leaf is made up of three broadly ovate 

 and sharp-pointed leaflets, which are whitened downy on the under 

 side. The hairy calyx clasps the fruit closely until the berry is nearly 

 ripe, when the calyx folds back exposing the fruit. The fruit is 

 usually small, red, sour, and somewhat crumbly. The plant is found 

 wild on the islands of Yezzo and Nippon in Japan. It was first de- 

 scribed by a Russian botanist in 1872. Since that date it has been 

 frequently mentioned both in English and American horticultural 

 journals. It is chiefly valuable as an ornamental plant, owing to its 

 striking appearance. It is not generally hardy in the northern states 

 and is not likely to succeed in the trying climate of the plains. 



Rubus spedabilis Pursh. — Salmon Berry of the Pacific coast. — 

 This is a rather robust bush five to ten feet high, armed with straight 

 or ascending prickles. The leaves consist of three leaflets or are oc- 

 casionally simple, glossy beneath. The leaflets are sharp-pointed with 

 dpubly cut edges, and often two to three lobed. The flowers are 



