28G MYRTACE^. 



hands of the Dutch Government, which, by its restrictive policy, 

 assumed practically the position of growers, disposing of their produce 

 through the Netherlands Trading Company at auctions held in Holland 

 twice a year. This system having been abolished in 1872, has proved 

 disastrous to the trade it was designed to protect, and to such a 

 degree that the j)roduce of cloves in the Moluccas is but a tenth of 

 what it was in the early days of their intercourse with Europe. The 

 crop of the four islands, Amboyna, Haruku, Saparua, and Nusalaiit, 

 the only Moluccas in which the tree is cultivated, was reckoned in 

 1854 as 510,9121b. 



The export of cloves from Java in 1871 was 1397 peculs' 

 (186,226 lb.). The French island of Reunion which from 1825 to 

 1849 used to produce annually as much as 800,000 kilogrammes 

 (1,764,571 lb.), now yields almost none, owing chiefly to the frequent 

 hurricanes. 



Uses — As a remedy, cloves are unimportant, though in the form of 

 infusion or distilled water tliey are useful in combination with other 

 medicines. The essential oil which sometimes relieves toothache is 

 a frequent ingredient of pill-masses. The chief consumption of 

 cloves is as a culinary spice. 



Substitutes— 1. Clove Stalls— Festiiccehd Stipites GaryophylUM 



French Griffes de Girqfl , 



import into Europe during the middle ages, when they were 



chieily 



known by their low Latin name of fusti, or the Italian hastama. 

 Thus under the statutes of Pisa,^ a.d. 1305, duty was levied notoni) 



ifali), but also on Folia et fusti garofalorum. /egO' 



lotti^ a little later names both as ^^...^ 



nstantm . 



the 



Clove Leaves are enumerated^ as an import into Palestme m ^ 

 12th century; they are also mentioned in a list of the drugs sow 

 at Frankfort' about the year 1450; we are not aware that tne) 

 are used in modern times. „ , i 



As to Clove Stalks, they are still a considerable object ot "a( ; 



Zanzibar 



They taste tolerably aromatic, and yield 4 to 0-4 per cent, ot voiat^^ 

 levogyre oil ; they are used for adulterating the Ground Cloves sow . 

 grocers. Such an admixture may be detected by the nucrosc fj 

 especially if the powder after treatment with potash be examme 

 glycerin. If clove stalks have been ground, thick-walled or s^ 



*=>; ..' 1 _. .X ^^n,,v m clo^ 



cells will be found in the powder ; such cells do not occur in cw -■ 

 Powdered allspice is also an adulterant of powdered cloves; i . 



contains stone-rells bnf. in n/Li;fir>T, Tniimprnns starch-granules >v 



are entirely wanting in cloves. 



clove-ttee 



2. Jlother Cloves, An thophy III— s.re the fruits of the clove .^j^ 

 and are ovate-oblong berries about an inch in length and mucli its 

 m essential oil than cloves. Though occasionally seen in the i^^ » 

 drug sales in some quantity, they are not an article of regular nn 



Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 952. * Becucil des Historiens ck-< 



iion^m Stntuti inediti della ciftd di Lot\ ii. (1843) 175. u^ me,ii'>i^^' 



Ptm dal xn. al xiv. accolo, iii. (1857) ^ Fliwkiger,J)ie Frankfurter U^^^' 



» See p. 235. note 2. ' ^I%1' fiS in the fortnightly P"^; ^ 



reut of a London dmg-broker nn 



