* 



3-tG RUBIACEyE 



of PerUj whereby the monopoly of the district of Loxa was soon 

 broken up. 



Numerous and important quinological discoveries were subsequently 

 made by Mutis, or rather by his pupils Caldas, Zea, and Restrepo/ as 

 well as on the other hand by Ruiz and Pavon, and their successors 

 Tafalla and Manzanilla. Mutis did not bring his labours to any definite 

 conclusion, and his extensive botanical collections and 5,000 coloured 

 drawings, were sent to Madrid only in 1817, and there remained in a 

 lamentable state of neglect. 



Some of his observations first appeared in print in 

 the title of El Arcano de la Quina in the Diario, 

 Santa Fe, and were reprinted at Madrid in 1828 by Don 'Manuel 

 Hernandez de Gregorio. The botanical descriptions of the cinchonas of 

 New Granada, forming the fourth part of the Arcano, remained for- 

 gotten and lost to science until rescued by Markham and published in 

 18G7.^ The drawings belonging to the descriptions were photographed 



1793 



Q 



Nouvelles 



The two Peruvian botanists succeeded somewhat better in securing 

 their results._ Ruiz in 1792, in his Quinologia,^ and in 1801 conjointly 

 with Pavon in a supplement thereto, brought together a portion of their 

 important labours relating to cinchona. But an essential part called 

 lyueva Quinologia, written betw^een 1821 and 182G, remained un- 

 published; and after an oblivion of over thirty years, it came by pur- 

 chase into the hands of Mr. John Eliot Howard, who published it, and 

 with rare liberality enriched it with 27 magnificent coloured plates, 

 niostly taken from the very specimens of Pavon lying in the herbarium 

 of Madrid. "^ ^ 



Between the pupils of Mutis on the one hand, and those of Ruiz and 

 ravon on the other, there arose an acrimonious controversy regarding 

 tiieir respective discoveries, which has been equitably summarized by 

 Tnana in the work just mentioned. 



Production-The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval 

 loiests 01 bouth America are of the severest kind, and undergone only 

 Dy tne halt-civihzed Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay o 

 speculators^ or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged 

 0^77 *^"'^iP^«S' especially the collectors themselves, are called Casca- 

 'nueros ovCascadoves, from the Spanish word Crtscara, bark. A major- 

 TJ^A ■ r^ .^ "^^ ^^^ collectors directs the proceedine-s of the several 

 bands m the forest itself, where provisions and 

 are stowed away la huts of slight construction, 

 frnnf l"" '"^ V^.^' ^^'^ Weddell and Karsten in our own day, have given 

 roni personal observation a striking picture of these operations. 



from tLf '""'"? ^^^'""^ ^^^^^*^ ^is tree, has usually to free its stem 

 irom the luxuriant climbing and parasitic plants with which it is en- 



afterwards 



1 it 



Mutis n'avait qu"une notion in- 



^f 



exacteetconfusedu^pnr^- ; .T ^ Markham, aunchona Species 



qu'aucune de seTelleV L '* T ^^^'''^'^' ' Quinologia, 6 tratado de drhol d.h 



^tuaee, p. 8. 4 Suppkmento d la Quinologia, lAJadriu, 



] 801 . 4*^. pp. 1 54. 



