﻿182 
  JOURNAL 
  OF 
  THE 
  WASHINGTON 
  ACADEMY 
  OF 
  SCIENCES 
  VOL. 
  12, 
  NO. 
  7 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  zonal 
  structure 
  that 
  characterizes 
  folded 
  mountains 
  of 
  the 
  Alpine 
  

   type. 
  Japanese 
  geologists 
  have 
  already 
  pointed 
  out 
  that 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  

   dislocations 
  are 
  only 
  recurrent 
  movements 
  on 
  the 
  arcs 
  of 
  folding, 
  which 
  

   are 
  of 
  essentially 
  the 
  same 
  type 
  as 
  the 
  Himalayas 
  and 
  the 
  Alps 
  in 
  their 
  

   fundamental 
  structure. 
  

  

  The 
  abnormal 
  strike 
  can 
  be 
  explained 
  in 
  a 
  simple 
  manner 
  by 
  the 
  

   action 
  of 
  compressional 
  stress, 
  if 
  we 
  suppose 
  that 
  the 
  rows 
  of 
  uplifted 
  

   and 
  fragmented 
  island 
  blocks 
  indicate 
  the 
  places 
  where 
  at 
  greater 
  

   depths 
  folding 
  continues 
  and 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  motion 
  in 
  a 
  vertical 
  direction 
  

   as 
  well 
  as 
  considerable 
  motion 
  in 
  a 
  horizontal 
  direction. 
  The 
  vertical 
  

   movement 
  will 
  cause 
  gradual 
  erosion 
  and 
  the 
  exposed 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  

   geanticline 
  will 
  in 
  time 
  consist 
  of 
  rocks 
  which 
  were 
  in 
  the 
  zone 
  of 
  flow 
  

   during 
  an 
  earlier 
  stage 
  of 
  mountain-building. 
  The 
  rate 
  and 
  direction 
  

   of 
  the 
  movement 
  of 
  the 
  deeper-lying 
  rocks 
  as 
  they 
  approach 
  the 
  

   earth's 
  surface 
  may 
  differ 
  more 
  and 
  more 
  from 
  the 
  rate 
  and 
  direction 
  of 
  

   the 
  motion 
  of 
  the 
  rocks 
  that 
  lie 
  at 
  still 
  greater 
  depths 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  

   vertical 
  line. 
  The 
  forces 
  that 
  cause 
  movement 
  near 
  the 
  surface 
  will 
  

   generally 
  differ 
  in 
  intensity 
  and 
  direction 
  from 
  the 
  forces 
  that 
  cause 
  

   movement 
  at 
  greater 
  depths. 
  Furthermore, 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  transmission 
  of 
  

   the 
  forces 
  will 
  decrease 
  from 
  the 
  surface 
  to 
  the 
  zones 
  of 
  greater 
  plas- 
  

   ticity 
  at 
  greater 
  depth. 
  If 
  during 
  the 
  elevation 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  horizontal 
  

   movement 
  is 
  different 
  for 
  neighboring 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  geanticline, 
  the 
  

   differences 
  between 
  the 
  directions 
  of 
  the 
  geanticlinal 
  axes 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  

   older 
  strike 
  may 
  be 
  considerable, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  central 
  part 
  of 
  Ceram. 
  The 
  

   strong 
  bending 
  of 
  the 
  geanticlinal 
  axis 
  between 
  Ceram 
  and 
  Buru 
  points 
  

   to 
  important 
  differences 
  in 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  horizontal 
  movement 
  for 
  neigh- 
  

   boring 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  geanticlines. 
  A 
  bending-point 
  existed 
  in 
  this 
  

   region 
  already 
  in 
  Tertiary 
  time 
  and 
  near 
  strong 
  bendings, 
  as 
  near 
  

   Babber 
  Island, 
  the 
  Tertiary 
  strike 
  may 
  locally 
  even 
  be 
  at 
  right 
  angles 
  

   to 
  the 
  present 
  geanticlinal 
  axis. 
  It 
  is 
  particularly 
  in 
  such 
  places 
  that 
  

   the 
  movement 
  at 
  or 
  near 
  the 
  surface 
  may 
  differ 
  considerably 
  in 
  rate 
  and 
  

   direction 
  from 
  the 
  movement 
  of 
  greater 
  depths. 
  

  

  THE 
  FRACTURES 
  DURING 
  THE 
  YOUNGEST 
  STAGE 
  OF 
  MOUNTAIN-BUILDING 
  

  

  The 
  tension 
  hypothesis 
  of 
  von 
  Richthofen 
  has 
  been 
  applied 
  by 
  

   some 
  authors 
  to 
  the 
  East 
  Indian 
  Archipelago, 
  but 
  the 
  numerous 
  

   fractures, 
  which 
  are 
  known 
  to 
  exist, 
  are 
  in 
  our 
  opinion 
  the 
  surface 
  

   expression 
  of 
  vertical 
  and 
  horizontal 
  movements 
  which 
  are 
  the 
  result 
  

   of 
  compressional 
  stress. 
  Important 
  fractures 
  occur 
  near 
  the 
  surface 
  

   at 
  those 
  places 
  where 
  there 
  are 
  important 
  differences 
  in 
  rate 
  of 
  move- 
  

  

  