﻿190 
  JOURNAL 
  OF 
  the; 
  WASHINGTON 
  ACADEMY 
  OF 
  SCIENCES 
  VOL. 
  12, 
  NO. 
  7 
  

  

  is 
  a 
  fair 
  substitute 
  for 
  the 
  Turkey 
  product. 
  One 
  firm 
  uses 
  $150,000 
  worth 
  

   in 
  one 
  year. 
  The 
  Cahfornia 
  Oak 
  Apple 
  is 
  large, 
  contains 
  30% 
  tannic 
  acid, 
  

   and 
  makes 
  satisfactory 
  ink. 
  The 
  Texas 
  Ball 
  also 
  has 
  high 
  content. 
  

  

  There 
  are 
  two 
  types 
  of 
  tannin, 
  the 
  iron-green 
  and 
  the 
  iron-green-blue. 
  

   The 
  chemistry 
  of 
  galls 
  still 
  requires 
  investigation, 
  as 
  not 
  all 
  galls 
  produce 
  

   tannin 
  of 
  equal 
  value. 
  

  

  Some 
  galls 
  are 
  injurious. 
  In 
  1917 
  galls 
  destroyed 
  in 
  a 
  large 
  area 
  all 
  the 
  

   acorn 
  catkins, 
  destroying 
  the 
  acorns 
  and 
  the 
  hog 
  forage 
  in 
  that 
  region. 
  Other 
  

   galls 
  kill 
  growing 
  tissues, 
  causing 
  a 
  second 
  growth. 
  An 
  internal 
  gall 
  occurs 
  

   in 
  California. 
  No 
  damage 
  is 
  observable 
  until 
  the 
  insect 
  emerges 
  and 
  no 
  

   defensive 
  measures 
  are 
  possible. 
  

  

  The 
  paper 
  was 
  illustrated 
  by 
  lantern 
  slides 
  of 
  various 
  galls 
  and 
  gall 
  insects, 
  

   and 
  tables 
  showing 
  the 
  tannin 
  content 
  of 
  many 
  fresh 
  and 
  cured 
  galls. 
  Mr. 
  E. 
  

   A. 
  Goldman 
  discussed 
  the 
  paper. 
  

  

  The 
  Society 
  adjourned 
  at 
  9.55. 
  

  

  A. 
  A. 
  DooLiTTLE, 
  Recording 
  Secretary. 
  

  

  628th 
  meeting 
  

  

  The 
  628th 
  meeting 
  of 
  the 
  Biological 
  Society 
  of 
  Washington 
  was 
  held 
  in 
  the 
  

   Lecture 
  Hall 
  of 
  the 
  Cosmos 
  Club, 
  October 
  29th, 
  1921, 
  with 
  Vice 
  President 
  

   GiDLEY 
  presiding, 
  and 
  36 
  persons 
  present. 
  The 
  minutes 
  of 
  the 
  627th 
  meeting 
  

   of 
  May 
  14th 
  were 
  read 
  and 
  approved, 
  and 
  Messrs. 
  Frank 
  E. 
  Ashbrook 
  and 
  

   J. 
  Wade 
  were 
  elected 
  to 
  membership, 
  and 
  Mrs. 
  Julius 
  ParmaleE 
  and 
  Miss 
  

   Erma 
  Brown. 
  

  

  Informal 
  Commtinications: 
  Dr. 
  T. 
  S. 
  Palmer 
  announced 
  the 
  annual 
  meeting 
  

   of 
  the 
  American 
  Ornithological 
  Union 
  at 
  Philadelphia 
  on 
  the 
  8th, 
  9th 
  and 
  

   10th 
  of 
  November. 
  Dr. 
  H. 
  M. 
  Smith 
  gave 
  some 
  records 
  of 
  the 
  Kamchatka 
  

   Sea 
  Eagle. 
  The 
  bird 
  had 
  been 
  seen 
  at 
  Urangel 
  in 
  1905, 
  at 
  Unalaska 
  in 
  1906 
  

   by 
  Austin 
  Clark 
  and 
  by 
  Professor 
  J. 
  V. 
  vSnyder, 
  seen 
  also 
  in 
  Juneau 
  in 
  1909. 
  

   Specimens 
  have 
  been 
  taken 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Hansen 
  at 
  the 
  Priblofif 
  Islands, 
  and 
  again 
  

   a 
  specimen 
  was 
  taken 
  at 
  Kodiak 
  Lake 
  August 
  10 
  of 
  this 
  year. 
  This 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  

   marine 
  bird, 
  but 
  rather 
  of 
  forests 
  and 
  rivers. 
  

  

  Formal 
  Communications: 
  Dr. 
  R. 
  S. 
  BasslER: 
  Sex 
  characters 
  in 
  fossils. 
  

   The 
  speaker 
  said 
  that 
  sex 
  is 
  recorded 
  plainly 
  in 
  vertebrate 
  skeletons, 
  and 
  thus 
  

   easily 
  recognized 
  in 
  fossils, 
  but 
  a 
  similar 
  condition 
  does 
  not 
  occur 
  generally 
  

   among 
  invertebrates. 
  However 
  among 
  Bryozoa 
  and 
  Ostracoda 
  found 
  as 
  

   fossils 
  sex 
  organs 
  are 
  present. 
  

  

  Recent 
  Ostracods 
  are 
  without 
  external 
  sex 
  structures, 
  but 
  paleo-species 
  

   have 
  little 
  swellings 
  which 
  careful 
  study 
  proves 
  to 
  be 
  brood 
  pouches, 
  thus 
  

   distinguishing 
  the 
  sexes. 
  The 
  form, 
  size 
  and 
  arrangement 
  of 
  these 
  pouches 
  

   assist 
  in 
  their 
  classification. 
  Silurian 
  and 
  Paleozoic 
  species 
  are 
  found 
  with 
  

   these 
  pouches, 
  earlier 
  and 
  later 
  species 
  are 
  without 
  them. 
  

  

  The 
  general 
  structure 
  of 
  Bryozoa 
  was 
  described 
  and 
  the 
  relation 
  of 
  the 
  brood 
  

   pouch 
  or 
  ovisac 
  to 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  anatomy 
  was 
  shown. 
  The 
  transition 
  from 
  a 
  

   very 
  simple 
  type 
  to 
  a 
  more 
  complicated 
  type 
  was 
  traced, 
  and 
  the 
  taxonomic 
  

   value 
  of 
  this 
  character 
  was 
  shown. 
  It 
  is 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  or 
  position 
  of 
  the 
  

   brood 
  pouches 
  or 
  ovisacs 
  that 
  distinction 
  between 
  many 
  species 
  is 
  found. 
  

   Many 
  species 
  formerly 
  regarded 
  as 
  identical 
  are 
  now 
  differentiated. 
  All 
  

   previous 
  classification 
  has 
  thus 
  been 
  rendered 
  obsolete; 
  only 
  those 
  species 
  

   are 
  classified 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  distinctive 
  character 
  appears 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  ovicell. 
  

  

  