﻿MAR. 
  19, 
  1922 
  troland: 
  psychophysics 
  the 
  key 
  of 
  physics, 
  etc. 
  147 
  

  

  domain 
  has 
  expanded 
  within 
  experience 
  as 
  that 
  of 
  physics 
  has 
  per- 
  

   force 
  contracted. 
  The 
  data 
  of 
  psychology 
  and 
  the 
  facts 
  which 
  relates 
  

   these 
  data 
  with 
  the 
  physical 
  system, 
  in 
  psychophysiology, 
  may 
  pro- 
  

   vide 
  us 
  with 
  a 
  clew 
  to 
  the 
  mystery. 
  

  

  II. 
  THE 
  interrelation 
  OF 
  CONSCIOUSNESS 
  AND 
  RESPONSE 
  

  

  When 
  the 
  physicist 
  rejects 
  from 
  the 
  domain 
  of 
  his 
  science 
  a 
  quality 
  

   of 
  immediate 
  experience, 
  he 
  ordinarily 
  substitutes 
  for 
  it 
  in 
  his 
  system 
  

   some 
  physical 
  conception 
  expressible 
  in 
  C. 
  G. 
  S. 
  terms. 
  For 
  example, 
  

   pitch 
  is 
  replaced 
  by 
  a 
  certain 
  frequency 
  of 
  vibration 
  of 
  material 
  par- 
  

   ticles, 
  while 
  color 
  finds 
  its 
  substitute 
  in 
  very 
  much 
  higher 
  frequencies 
  

   of 
  electro-magnetic 
  oscillation; 
  hotness 
  and 
  coldness 
  are 
  replaced 
  

   by 
  certain 
  ranges 
  of 
  kinetic 
  energy 
  of 
  molecular 
  vibration. 
  These 
  

   surrogate 
  physical 
  conceptions 
  turn 
  out 
  for 
  the 
  psychologist 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  

   stimuli 
  of 
  the 
  respective 
  qualities, 
  when 
  the 
  latter 
  are 
  regarded 
  as 
  

   sensations. 
  However, 
  these 
  stimuli 
  do 
  not 
  operate 
  directly 
  upon 
  

   consciousness, 
  or 
  immediate 
  experience, 
  but 
  rather 
  upon 
  the 
  physio- 
  

   logical 
  organism, 
  taking 
  effect 
  at 
  certain 
  sense 
  organs 
  or 
  receptors 
  

   which 
  are 
  differentially 
  tuned 
  to 
  respond 
  to 
  various 
  forms 
  of 
  physical 
  

   activity. 
  Pure 
  introspective 
  psychology 
  is 
  compelled 
  to 
  restrict 
  

   itself 
  to 
  the 
  analytic 
  description 
  of 
  immediate 
  experience, 
  but 
  psy- 
  

   chology 
  in 
  general 
  or 
  at 
  large 
  inevitably 
  becomes 
  involved 
  in 
  a 
  study 
  

   of 
  the 
  relationships 
  existing 
  between 
  immediate 
  experience 
  and 
  the 
  

   living 
  organism. 
  This 
  organism 
  is 
  throughout 
  essentially 
  a 
  concep- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  physical 
  science, 
  it 
  being 
  the 
  creed 
  of 
  mechanism 
  or 
  of 
  anti- 
  

   vitalism 
  in 
  biology 
  that 
  all 
  organic 
  structures 
  and 
  processes 
  can 
  ulti- 
  

   mately 
  be 
  reduced 
  to 
  physico-chemical 
  constituents. 
  Biology, 
  like 
  

   chemistry, 
  is 
  in 
  other 
  words, 
  simply 
  a 
  special 
  department 
  of 
  physics 
  

   dealing 
  with 
  the 
  properties 
  of 
  particular 
  complex 
  physical 
  structures. 
  

  

  We 
  are 
  all 
  familiar 
  with 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  modern 
  physicist 
  con- 
  

   ceives 
  the 
  ultimate 
  substance 
  of 
  all 
  physical 
  things 
  and 
  processes 
  to 
  

   be 
  what 
  he 
  pleases 
  to 
  call 
  electrical. 
  Electricity, 
  positive 
  and 
  negative, 
  

   is 
  the 
  fundamental 
  mass-carrying 
  entity 
  of 
  the 
  physical 
  universe, 
  

   and 
  all 
  actions 
  or 
  interactions 
  are 
  ultimately 
  the 
  expression 
  of 
  elec- 
  

   trical, 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  correlated 
  magnetic, 
  forces. 
  If 
  living 
  organisms 
  are 
  

   simply 
  aggregates 
  of 
  chemical 
  molecules 
  and 
  if 
  such 
  molecules 
  are 
  

   simply 
  definite 
  congeries 
  of 
  atoms, 
  and 
  if 
  atoms 
  furthermore 
  are 
  

   nothing 
  but 
  constellations 
  of 
  protons 
  and 
  electrons 
  ; 
  then 
  fundamentally 
  

   organisms 
  are 
  simply 
  vastly 
  intricate 
  structures 
  of 
  these 
  ultimate 
  

   electrical 
  units 
  and 
  organic 
  functions 
  are 
  wholly 
  reducible 
  to 
  the 
  com- 
  

  

  