﻿SEPT. 
  19, 
  1922 
  JAGGAR 
  : 
  GEOPHYSICAL 
  OBSERVATORIES 
  • 
  347 
  

  

  it 
  tends. 
  Like 
  other 
  sciences 
  it 
  originated 
  in 
  the 
  needs 
  of 
  commerce. 
  

   Just 
  as 
  botany 
  grew 
  out 
  of 
  "physic 
  gardens" 
  adjunct 
  to 
  medicine, 
  

   so 
  geology 
  sprouted 
  from 
  the 
  necessity 
  of 
  knowing 
  coal 
  and 
  iron. 
  

   Explained 
  at 
  first 
  as 
  abortive 
  efforts 
  at 
  creation, 
  the 
  fossil 
  shells 
  and 
  

   leaf 
  imprints 
  of 
  the 
  coal 
  measures 
  later 
  became 
  the 
  hobby 
  of 
  doctors 
  

   and 
  curates 
  inspired 
  by 
  William 
  Smith 
  and 
  Lyell. 
  In 
  America 
  vast 
  

   mappings 
  bred 
  a 
  hardy 
  band 
  of 
  geologists, 
  supplemented 
  by 
  topog- 
  

   raphers 
  and 
  railway 
  men, 
  exploring 
  a 
  wilderness 
  of 
  plains, 
  deserts, 
  

   mining 
  districts, 
  and 
  mountains. 
  These 
  workers 
  were 
  partly 
  army 
  

   engineers, 
  and 
  for 
  Britain 
  such 
  men 
  also 
  explored 
  India 
  and 
  the 
  Hi- 
  

   malaya, 
  and 
  the 
  problems 
  of 
  mass 
  and 
  magnetism, 
  river 
  erosion, 
  

   climatal 
  change 
  and 
  volcanic 
  heat 
  gained 
  increasing 
  prominence, 
  

   when 
  physically 
  trained 
  minds 
  brought 
  experimental 
  method 
  to 
  bear 
  

   on 
  what 
  had 
  hitherto 
  been 
  merely 
  descriptive. 
  Next 
  came 
  formal 
  

   organization 
  under 
  Government 
  for 
  studying 
  rivers, 
  harbors, 
  the 
  

   weather, 
  sea 
  bottoms 
  for 
  laying 
  cable, 
  the 
  tides, 
  terrestrial 
  gravity 
  

   and 
  magnetism 
  as 
  affecting 
  the 
  instruments 
  of 
  astronomy, 
  and 
  the 
  

   necessities 
  of 
  construction 
  against 
  fire, 
  hurricane, 
  flood, 
  and 
  earth- 
  

   quake. 
  Agriculture, 
  navigation, 
  inland 
  transport 
  and 
  mining, 
  urban 
  

   life, 
  post 
  and 
  telegraph 
  service, 
  public 
  time-keeping 
  — 
  all 
  of 
  these 
  

   utilities 
  are 
  what 
  have 
  demanded 
  expenditure 
  of 
  the 
  public 
  money 
  

   to 
  train 
  experts 
  in 
  Earth 
  process, 
  just 
  as 
  coal 
  and 
  iron 
  first 
  produced 
  

   experts 
  in 
  Earth 
  history. 
  

  

  Earth 
  history 
  is 
  dependent 
  on 
  Earth 
  process, 
  just 
  as 
  life 
  is 
  dependent 
  

   on 
  food, 
  air, 
  blood 
  and 
  brain. 
  The 
  physician 
  of 
  the 
  one 
  as 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  

   must 
  have 
  clinical 
  experience. 
  No 
  geologist 
  can 
  doctor 
  a 
  coal 
  mine 
  

   who 
  has 
  never 
  seen 
  coal 
  in 
  the 
  making. 
  This 
  is 
  a 
  startling 
  assertion, 
  

   but 
  is 
  it 
  not 
  true? 
  Can 
  any 
  physician, 
  not 
  a 
  quack, 
  doctor 
  blood 
  and 
  

   brain, 
  restore 
  life 
  to 
  morbid 
  tissues, 
  or 
  even 
  localize 
  a 
  bone, 
  if 
  he 
  has 
  

   made 
  no 
  experiments 
  in 
  hospital 
  and 
  dissecting 
  room? 
  

  

  The 
  whole 
  of 
  geology 
  is 
  increasingly 
  leaning 
  upon 
  present 
  history. 
  

   Earth 
  energy, 
  geophysics. 
  But 
  we 
  have 
  seen 
  that 
  the 
  historical 
  

   science 
  and 
  the 
  physical 
  have 
  independently 
  sprouted 
  from 
  utilitarian 
  

   needs. 
  They 
  have 
  never 
  been 
  blended 
  to 
  aid 
  each 
  other 
  as 
  pure 
  

   sciences. 
  The 
  toilers 
  of 
  the 
  copper 
  and 
  iron 
  mines, 
  economic 
  geol- 
  

   ogists, 
  pick 
  up 
  crumbs 
  that 
  fall 
  from 
  the 
  laboratory 
  tables 
  of 
  the 
  

   students 
  of 
  terrestrial 
  gravity 
  and 
  magnetism, 
  and 
  vice 
  versa, 
  but 
  

   neither 
  understands 
  the 
  other's 
  problem. 
  I 
  think 
  it 
  is 
  true 
  that 
  

   neither 
  geologist 
  nor 
  geodesist 
  is 
  making 
  the 
  slightest 
  effort 
  to 
  find 
  

   a 
  place 
  in 
  the 
  world 
  today 
  where 
  copper 
  and 
  iron 
  ores 
  are 
  being 
  natu- 
  

  

  