﻿OCT. 
  1',), 
  1022 
  proceedings: 
  PHILOSOPHICAL 
  SOCIETY 
  405 
  

  

  the 
  100th 
  Meridian, 
  the 
  free-air 
  observations 
  disclose 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  eastern 
  

   half 
  of 
  the 
  cyclone 
  is 
  warm 
  and 
  the 
  west 
  half 
  cold. 
  No 
  doubt 
  if 
  similar 
  free-air 
  

   observations 
  were 
  made 
  in 
  the 
  far 
  northwest 
  in 
  the 
  winter 
  months 
  it 
  would 
  

   be 
  found 
  that, 
  in 
  cyclones 
  in 
  British 
  Columbia, 
  Alberta, 
  Washington, 
  Oregon 
  

   and 
  Montana, 
  the 
  western 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  cyclone 
  is 
  warm 
  and 
  the 
  eastern 
  half 
  

   cold, 
  for 
  certainly 
  the 
  surface 
  distribution 
  of 
  temperature 
  implies 
  just 
  this 
  

   temperature 
  distribution 
  in 
  the 
  free-air 
  in 
  that 
  region. 
  The 
  inference 
  is 
  

   that 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  temperature 
  in 
  the 
  cyclone 
  is 
  but 
  a 
  question 
  of 
  whence 
  

   came 
  the 
  air 
  that 
  passes 
  into 
  and 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  cyclone, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  temperature 
  

   distribution 
  therein 
  is 
  purely 
  incidental 
  and 
  not 
  fundamental 
  to 
  the 
  origin 
  

   of 
  the 
  cyclone 
  itself. 
  The 
  other 
  important 
  hypothesis 
  assigned 
  the 
  formation 
  

   of 
  the 
  cyclone 
  to 
  the 
  more 
  general 
  movements 
  in 
  the 
  air 
  and 
  asks 
  one 
  to 
  look 
  

   beyond 
  the 
  immediate 
  place 
  of 
  the 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  cyclone 
  for 
  its 
  cause. 
  The 
  

   hypothesis 
  is 
  referred 
  to 
  as 
  the 
  "counter-current 
  theory" 
  and 
  its 
  most 
  ardent 
  

   advocate 
  in 
  recent 
  years 
  has 
  been 
  Bigelow. 
  The 
  more 
  recent 
  presentation 
  

   by 
  Bjerknes 
  seems 
  but 
  a 
  modified 
  and 
  dilTerently 
  presented 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  

   part 
  counter-currents 
  have 
  in 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  cyclones. 
  It 
  is 
  assumed 
  that 
  

   these 
  counter-currents 
  on 
  passing 
  one 
  another 
  will 
  cause 
  a 
  diminution 
  of 
  the 
  

   air 
  pressure 
  above 
  the 
  intervening 
  region, 
  a 
  welling 
  up 
  of 
  the 
  surface 
  air 
  

   strata, 
  and 
  thus 
  bring 
  about 
  instability 
  which 
  will 
  result 
  in 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  

   cyclones. 
  It 
  is 
  also 
  assumed 
  that 
  similar 
  air 
  currents 
  passing 
  one 
  another 
  

   in 
  the 
  reverse 
  direction 
  will 
  bank 
  together 
  and 
  produce 
  ridges 
  of 
  high 
  pressure 
  

   or 
  an 
  ticy 
  clonic 
  areas. 
  The 
  existence 
  of 
  such 
  counter-currents 
  in 
  the 
  tropical 
  

   and 
  extra-tropical 
  regions 
  is 
  well 
  supported 
  by 
  observations. 
  The 
  deflective 
  

   force 
  of 
  the 
  earth's 
  rotation 
  is 
  an 
  important 
  adjunct 
  to 
  the 
  counter-current 
  

   hypothesis 
  and 
  it 
  follows 
  that 
  counter-currents 
  passing 
  one 
  another 
  on 
  the 
  

   right 
  will 
  maintain 
  a 
  belt 
  of 
  low 
  barometeric 
  pressure 
  and 
  those 
  passing 
  one 
  

   another 
  on 
  the 
  left 
  will 
  maintain 
  a 
  ridge 
  of 
  high 
  barometric 
  pressure 
  between 
  

   them. 
  The 
  energy 
  arising 
  from 
  the 
  condensation 
  of 
  water 
  vapor 
  after 
  the 
  

   cyclone 
  has 
  formed 
  no 
  doubt 
  contributes 
  to 
  its 
  length 
  of 
  life. 
  Attempt 
  is 
  

   made 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  the 
  progression 
  of 
  cyclones 
  as 
  moving 
  along 
  the 
  region 
  

   bounded 
  by 
  counter-currents, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  "Polar 
  Front" 
  named 
  by 
  Bjerknes, 
  

   although 
  above 
  the 
  cyclone 
  proper 
  the 
  air 
  stream 
  over 
  and 
  on 
  both 
  sides 
  of 
  

   the 
  cyclone 
  may 
  and 
  no 
  doubt 
  frequently 
  does 
  flow 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  general 
  

   direction. 
  

  

  E. 
  B. 
  Calvert: 
  Radiating 
  the 
  weather 
  (illustrated). 
  Discussed 
  by 
  C. 
  A. 
  

   Briggs. 
  

  

  Radio 
  is 
  an 
  indispensable 
  factor 
  in 
  the 
  work 
  of 
  the 
  Weather 
  Bureau 
  and 
  

   since 
  1902, 
  when 
  the 
  first 
  storm 
  warning 
  was 
  sent 
  out 
  by 
  this 
  means, 
  it 
  has 
  

   become 
  of 
  constantly 
  increasing 
  importance 
  in 
  the 
  collection 
  of 
  weather 
  

   reports 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  dissemination 
  of 
  forecasts 
  and 
  warnings. 
  The 
  Weather 
  

   Bureau 
  early 
  recognized 
  the 
  potentiality 
  of 
  radio 
  telegraphy 
  as 
  an 
  aid 
  to 
  

   its 
  projects 
  and 
  was 
  a 
  pioneer 
  among 
  Government 
  agencies 
  in 
  engaging 
  in 
  

   experiments 
  and 
  investigations 
  looking 
  toward 
  developing 
  and 
  improving 
  

   it. 
  These 
  experiments 
  were 
  begun 
  in 
  1900 
  and 
  continued 
  for 
  several 
  years. 
  

   During 
  this 
  period 
  a 
  transmitter 
  and 
  receiver 
  were 
  developed, 
  the 
  principles 
  

   of 
  which 
  were 
  in 
  general 
  use 
  for 
  a 
  long 
  time. 
  

  

  Weather 
  observations 
  are 
  collected 
  daily 
  from 
  210 
  places 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  

   vStates; 
  '.iO 
  in 
  Canada; 
  36 
  in 
  the 
  West 
  Indies, 
  Cuba 
  and 
  South 
  American 
  

   countries; 
  12 
  in 
  the 
  Pacific 
  and 
  the 
  Far 
  East, 
  including 
  Honolulu, 
  Guam, 
  

   Midway 
  Island, 
  Philippines, 
  China 
  and 
  Japan; 
  22 
  in 
  Europe; 
  17 
  in 
  Mexico 
  

  

  