EVOLUTION OF CEREMONIAL GOVERNMENT. 19 



genesis of royal titles. The King of Ashantee has among his glorifying 

 names " Lion " and " Snake." In Dahomey, titles thus derived are made 

 superlative : the king is " the Lion of Lions." And in a kindred spirit 

 tlie King of Usambara is called " Lion of Heaven : " a title whence, 

 should this king undergo apotheosis, myths of sundry kinds may nat- 

 urally result. From Zulu-land, along with evidence of the same thing, 

 there comes an illustration of the way in which names of honor derived 

 from imposing objects, animate and inanimate, are joined with names 

 of honor otherwise derived, and pass into certain of those forms of ad- 

 dress lately dealt with. The titles of the king are — " The noble ele- 

 phant," " Thou who art forever," " Thou who art as high as the heav- 

 ens," " Thou who begettest the men," " The black one," " Thou who 

 art the bird who eats other birds," " Thou who art as high as the 

 mountains," " Thou who art the peacemaker," etc. Shooter shows us 

 how these Zulu titles are used, by quoting part of a speech addressed 

 to the king — " You mountain, you lion, you tiger, you that are black. 

 There is none equal to you." Further, there is proof that names of 

 honor thus originating pass into titles applied to the position occupied, 

 rather than to the occupant considered personally ; for Shooter says 

 that a CaiTre chief's wife "is called the Elephantess, while his great 

 wife is called the Lioness." 



Guided by such clews we cannot miss the inference that the use of 

 animal-names as names of honor, traceable in the records of extinct 

 historic races, similarly arose. If we find that now in Madagascar one 

 of the king's titles is " Mighty Bull," and are reminded by this that to 

 the conquering Rameses a like laudatory name is given by defeated 

 foes, we can scarcely avoid suspecting that, from animal-names thus 

 given to kings, there result the animal-names given as names of honor 

 to deities ; so that Apis in Egj-pt becomes an equivalent for Osiris and 

 the Sun, and so that Bull similarly becomes an equivalent for the con- 

 quering hero and Sun-god Indra. 



With titles derived from imposing natural objects and powers, it is 

 the same. We have seen how among the Zulus the hyperbolic compli- 

 ment to the king — " Thou art as high as the mountains " — passes from 

 the form of a simile into the form of a metaphor when he is addressed 

 as " you Mountain." And that the metaphorical name thus used some- 

 times becomes a proper name, proof comes to us from Samoa, where 

 " the chief of Pango-Pango being now Maunga, or Mountain, that 

 name must never be used in his presence." There is evidence that 

 among the ruder ancestor-worshipers divine titles are similarly de- 

 rived. The Chinooks and Navajos and Mexicans in North America, 

 and the Peruvians in South America, regard certain mountains as gods; 

 and since these gods have other names, the implication is that in each 

 case an apotheosized man had received in honor either the general name 

 Mountain, or the name of a particular mountain, as has happened in 

 New Zealand. From complimentarv comparisons to the sun, there re- 



