152 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



on terra firma in warm nights, and frogs continue their serenades till 

 the morning wind chills them into silence and somnolence. The drowsy 

 heat of the afternoon invites to slumber as the cool hours before the 

 noon of night invite to music, reverie, or sentimental conversation, and 

 our midsummer-night dreams would be no worse for a moonlight ram- 

 ble on the mountains or in the garden-suburbs of a large city. 



But " the best of all things is water, after all," was Pindar's motto, 

 and should be our motto in summer-time, in regard to pure cold water, 

 externally applied. In the crowded cities of the Atlantic seaboard and 

 the Lower Mississippi Valley, whose summer temperature equals that 

 of southernmost Europe, the lot of the hard-working classes would be 

 exceedingly improved by the institution of free public baths. The 

 citizens of the Roman Empire regarded their thermce and the4r balnea 

 pxihlica as the chief criterion of a civilized town ; and it is strangely 

 characteristic of the metaphj'sical and anti-natural tendency of our 

 ethical system that not one of our wealthy philanthropists ever thought 

 of promoting the welfare of his native city by an establishment which 

 an enlightened community should value as a common necessity rather 

 than as a luxurious privilege. 



The baths of Caracalla, which furnished the means of physical puri- 

 fication to tens of thousands, were certainly as useful — practically and 

 morally — as the Serapion or the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus ; and one 

 per cent, of the wealth that has been expended on churches, Sunday- 

 schools, foreign missions, and other attempts to secure the post-mortem 

 felicity of the masses, would suffice to make their terrestrial existence 

 far more endurable. 



-♦«♦- 



EDUCATIOI^ AS A SCIENCE. 



By ALEXANDER BAIN, LL. D., 



PEOFESSOR IN THE tlNIVERSITT OF ABERDEEN. 



VII.— THE EMOTIONS IN EDUCATION {concluded). 



THE considerations stated in the previous article {see November 

 Monthly) lead up to the final subject — Punishment ; in adminis- 

 tering which the practice of education, as well as of other kinds of 

 government, has greatly improved. The general principles of punish- 

 ment have been already renounced. We have to consider their appli- 

 cation to the school. But first a few words on the employment of 

 reward. 



Emulatiox — Frizes— Place-taking. — All these names point to 

 the same fact and the same motive — the desire of surpassing others, 

 of gaining distinction ; a motive that has already been weighed. It 

 is the most powerful known stimulant to intellectual application ; and, 



