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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



management of mines or smelting-works, 

 and who is an expert in some one branch of 

 his profession — would have been very diffi- 

 cult if not impossible to find in the United 

 States. The inducements held out to am- 

 bitious and talented young men to enter 

 the profession were, it must be admitted, 

 very small. By a large portion of the com- 

 munity, a mining engineer was considered 

 to be merely a bait with which unsophisti- 

 cated capitalists were to be caught, and his 

 opinions were considered to be worth so 

 much a page, and to favor any view which 

 his employer wished to have advocated. 

 He was seldom consulted as to the proper 

 method of working a mine or running a 

 furnace ; he was rarely called upon by di- 

 rectors of works, except for extraordinary 

 work, such as to give the direction in which 

 a timoel should be driven, or to analyze a 

 new ore or limestone. There was no rec- 

 ognized standard in the profession, and 

 there were great openings for miprincipled 

 adventurers, of which many charlatans took 

 advantage. Up to within fifteen years, min- 

 ing engineers were too often regarded by 

 those who had dealings with them with 

 great distrust, and well-educated persons 

 may yet be found who have no idea what a 

 mining engineer is, nor what he is called 

 upon to undertake. This feeling is, how- 

 ever, wearing away. We now have mining 

 engineers whose names are as well known 

 abroad as at home ; whose opinions are re- 

 spected and paid for, although, I am proud 

 to say, they cannot be bought. We have 

 schools whose graduates are well qualified 

 to enter the ranks of the profession when 

 they have obtained the proper practical ex- 

 perience ; and there are few parts of the 

 country without mining engineers of estab- 

 lished reputation, unless, in consequence of 

 the peculiar condition of the locality, there 

 is no need of their services." 



Studies of a Mnmmy. — Mr. Frank Buck- 

 land, having received from a friend who had 

 been visiting Egypt a mummy-head, set 

 about examining the curiosity, with what 

 results he informs us through the columns 

 of Land and Water. From the general con- 

 tour of the head he infers that it is that of 

 a woman. The actual features cannot be 

 seen, being covered with a sort of mask of 



linen cloth. Underneath this can be dis- 

 cerned the outlines of the face ; the pu- 

 pils of the eyes are marked with a black 

 spot. The mummy wears a wig ! Mr. Buck- 

 land found the whole head covered with 

 what at first appeared to be rolls of hair, 

 but which turned out to be an imitation of 

 hair. The rows forming this wig are ar- 

 rayed in three tiers, overlapping each other. 

 The lowest tier begins from the top of the 

 ear, and runs almost straight across the 

 forehead ; it is not unlike the fashion of 

 hair worn by some ladies of the present 

 day. " To try the efiect," adds Mr. Buck- 

 land, " I put a modern, smartly-trimmed hat 

 on the head of this Egyptian lady. I see 

 that the fringe of hair is the same as the 

 fringe of the present time. On the whole, 

 there is a little more chic about it." Having 

 washed one side of the mummy's face with 

 warm water and a sponge, and again put on 

 a modern hat, he was more convinced than 

 ever that the head is that of a lady — " very 

 good-natured and smiling." 



Effects of English Rule in India.— Mr. 



C. Macnamara, surgeon to the Westminster 

 Hospital, London, was for twenty years en- 

 gaged in practice in India, and during that 

 time had every opportunity of learning the 

 feelings and opinions of the natives regard- 

 ing the present state of things in that coun- 

 try. According to Mr. Macnamara, the deep 

 and growing conviction of many of them is 

 that, although England has in India pre- 

 served many millions of human beings from 

 the calamities of anarchy and chronic war- 

 fare, nevertheless native society is becoming 

 rapidly disorganized. A vast number of the 

 old families have disappeared ; the mothers 

 and wives of the rising generation see their 

 educated sons and husbands given over to 

 vices formerly never heard of, utterly heed- 

 less of family or any other ties, and they 

 contrast all this with times past, when there 

 was not so much law, education, or taxa- 

 tion, but when the greatest stain that could 

 be cast on a man's name was that of being 

 an undutiful son. In Mr. Macnamara's opin- 

 ion all this results from " purely secular edu- 

 cation." The rising generation of educated 

 Hindoos break away from the native religion, 

 entirely ignore the existence of a God, and 

 live absolutely for self. " The outcome of a 



