THE OLD PHRENOLOGY AND THE NEW. 479 



in diflferent parts of the brain ; but it is a conclusion at the same time 

 from which Physiology simply retires in outspoken disdain, as present- 

 ing us with an empirical explanation of mysteries to which the furthest 

 science has as yet failed to attain. 



That we may duly understand, not merely the falsity of the old 

 phrenology, but the bearings of the new aspects of brain-science as 

 revealed by modern physiology, we must briefly glance at the general 

 conformation of the brain. The organ of mind, contained within the 

 skull, consists of the greater brain or cerebrum (Fig. 1, A A), and the 

 lesser brain or ccrehelhmi {B). The latter portion is situated at the 



Fig. 1.— Side View of the Brain and Spinal Cord. — (From Bourgery.) A, the cerebrum; 2?, 

 the ce rebel hi in ; M.O, the mednlla oblongata; F, the vertebrse, cut in halves; f, the spinal 

 cord, and the origin of its nerves. 



back of the head, and forms the hinder part of the brain ; the spinal 

 cord ( (7), which, as every one knows, runs through the spine ( F" V), 

 being merely a continuation of the main axis of the nervous centers of 

 which the brain is the chief. When the surface of the human brain is 

 inspected, it is seen to present a very unequal appearance, due to the 

 fact that its substance is thrown into a large number of folds or con- 

 volutions (see Fig. 1), as they are technically named by the anatomist. 

 The brain, or cerebrum, is in reality a double organ, formed of two 

 similar halves or hemispheres, which are separated by a deep central 

 fissure, but which are also connected together below by a broad band of 

 nervous matter known as the corpus callosum. It is this latter band 

 which brings the halves of the brain into relation with one another, and 

 which thus serves to produce identity and correlation of action between 

 its various parts. 



