THE OLD PHRENOLOGY AND THE NEW. 483 



making' such an assertion, since his science takes no account of the 

 base or internal parts of the brain — situations, forsooth, in which anat- 

 omy and the newer phrenology demonstrate the existence of very im- 

 portant sensory and other organs. Tlie question of tho relatively in\- 



FiG. 2.— The Base of the Brain.— (From Bouvgery.) C. under surface of the cerebrum ; c5, the 

 cerebellum; wi.cjj, the medulla oblongata. The" nerves are numbered 1 to 12 ; 1, the olfactory 

 nerve ; 2, the optic ; 3, 4, and 6, nerves which govern the muscles of the eyeball ; 5, the trigem- 

 inal, which arises as shown by two roots ; 7, the facial ; 8, the auditory ; 9, the glosso-pha- 

 ryngeal ; 10, thejpneumogastric ; 11, the spinal accessory ; 12; the several roots of the hypo- 

 glossal. The figure 6 is placed on the pons varolii ; the crura cerebri are between the third and 

 lourth nerves on either side. Just above are a, the corpora albicanta, and P, the pituitary body. 



mense tracts of brain which lie without the utmost ken of phrenology, 

 even on its own showing, is also illustrated by the observation that 

 the bulging or hollowing of the skull at any point affords no criterion 

 of the thickness of the gray matter of the brain, a layer which we have 

 already seen to constitute the most important part of the brain-sub- 

 stance. This gray matter is seen to exist in tolerable uniformity 

 over large tracts of brain-substance, and it is invariably in the hinder 

 region of the brain that it attains its greatest complexity and develop- 

 ment. The form of the skull is dependent on the amount and disposi- 

 tion of the white matter, and not on that of the gray ; and the former, 

 as we have seen, has but a minor influence or part in the mental con- 

 stitution, since its function is merely that of conducting and not of 

 originating thoughts and impressions. Since, then, phrenology lays so 

 much stress on skull-conformation as a clew to brain- structure, it must 



