578 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



in those minor groups, now developed into clans, rose above the primor- 

 dial state by their complex organization, their division of labor, and 

 their larger enterprise. But now, as we read in the writings of the 

 Socialist Democrats, with distinction of classes and the institution of 

 personal slavery opens the first epoch of human civilization. In this 

 slavery period the whole man is an instrument of labor, and with all his 

 faculties he is the property of the owner who commands his entire 

 service. 



In the second civilization period, characterized by handicraft and 

 the possession of land on the small scale, the still widely diffused cus- 

 tom of socage or compulsory service is a reminiscence of the suppressed 

 institution of slavery. The working people are now burgesses enjoying 

 personal freedom, yet hindered in their spontaneous development by 

 the guild. These craftsmen and workers of the soil are the owners and 

 masters of the implements of their calling. Still they do not attain 

 true enjoyment of life, inasmuch as their whole time is engrossed with 

 mechanical toil, in order to procure a livelihood. 



The third estate becomes emancipated from the control of the aris- 

 tocracy of landlordism, the nobility, and the Church. But already the 

 factory system, the system of production by division of labor, was in 

 operation — a system which strips the workman of his little property, 

 and places him under the control of capital. 



The factory system is transformed into machine industry. The sim- 

 pler tools and machinery of early times, worked by hand, have been in 

 the present century developed into a vast complicity of machines pro- 

 ducing motion, transferring motion, and doing the work of mechanical 

 tools. These machines tie the workman fast to themselves, reduce his 

 personal service to a minimum of manipulations, and complete the 

 physical and moral wretchedness of the laboring population by increased 

 employment of women and children. 



Machinery is an instrument for the accumulation of capital, and of 

 capital as " unpaid labor " at that. 



The development of the various forms of production down to the 

 present time when private capital rules everything, and when small 

 capitalists have no chance as against the great, has been vividly por- 

 trayed by Marx. He regards the development of the economic social 

 forms as a natural-history process. (" Capital," page 7.) The proposi- 

 tion on which the whole matter hinges, namely, that regarding " unpaid 

 labor," has the appearance of being so simple and so true, that even to 

 man}' among the laboring class the grand conclusion appears evident, 

 namely, that " the doom of capitalistic private property is about to be 

 sealed. The expropriators will suffer expropriation." (Ibid,, page 

 793.) 



Here we see set forth as the natural consequence of development 

 the violent introduction of the Socialist-Democratic state. With the 

 rise of that form of polity the domination of private capital comes to 



