SCIENCE AND SOCIALISM. 579 



an end ; machinery is no longer private property, but it, witli all the 

 other instruments of production, with all that which is understood by 

 the term capital, is transformed into collective or state capital. Private 

 production gives place to collective production. With the abolition, not 

 indeed of all private property, but of all private capital in so far as 

 the same is employed as a means of production, universal participation 

 in the fruits of the collective production, in the means of enjoyment, 

 and in the higher good things of life, is accorded to the whole race, . 



In this stage of future development the Socialist idea is fully real- 

 ized. We will not dwell any further on the happy state of things 

 which they say is sure to come about. 



If any one would learn more concerning this " picture of fancy," as 

 Socialism is innocently named in one of its chief organs, he may con- 

 sult Leopold Jacoby's book, " The Idea of Development " (" Die Idee 

 der Entwickelung," 1874, page 6), where he will find it painted in 

 elowino- colors. Or he can o-et a notion of what it is from Engels's 

 most recent utterances (Eug. Duhring's " Science revolutionized " — 

 " Die Umwalzung der Wissenschaft," 1878). 



It would be a great mistake to suppose that in the camp of the 

 Socialist Democrats we must find the state of the future represented 

 as a refined copy of a type belonging to the brute creation : on the 

 contrary, Socialistic writers stoutly maintain that the principle of 

 development implies reconstruction. Nevertheless, for the sake of 

 completeness, we will glance at the animal world and consider there 

 the relations between private and collective capital and private and col- 

 lective production. 



Most animals labor for themselves alone. Their implements of labor 

 (private capital) are represented by their members and their weapons 

 of offense ; their gains they employ to sustain life. They gather not 

 into barns. Only among the higher classes of animals do we find asso- 

 ciation of labor and care on the part of the parents for the welfare of 

 their posterity — instincts which can be regarded as confirmed and in- 

 herited habits, for all these instinctive actions resolve themselves into 

 labor with gradually accumulated, inherited private capital. 



The consociation of higher animals ma}' have the look of work in 

 common, and not instinctive, as for instance when wolves hunt in 

 packs to obtain food, or when animals graze in herds — a habit originat- 

 ing in the need of mutual protection. The colony structures of bea- 

 vers, the massed nests of the republican bird, are socialistic improve- 

 ments, in the case of the beaver made under unfavorable outward con- 

 ditions, and hence apparently the result of the animal's voluntary action. 



Tins deceptive appearance is wanting in the structures of the infe- 

 rior animals, where societies are formed through propagation by bud- 

 din c, the progeny remaining connected with the mother organism. The 

 sino-le individual of a colony of polyps enjoys not only protection 

 against mechanical injuries in the polypidom secreted by all for all, but 



