586 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



question of the " rude physical struggle for existence." For since in 

 the time to come each individual will develop his reason, and reason 

 can not endure perversion or wrong, each will labor for all and all for 

 each. Whether, instead of the present division of labor, there will be 

 an arrangement having the same effect, but based on personal inclina- 

 tion and jDersonal fitness (" Zukunft," 1878, page 704) ; or whether the 

 system of alternation of work will be introduced, so that, as Engels 

 would have it {iibi supra, page 173), the man who in the forenoon wheels 

 a barrow is an architect in the afternoon ; what is to be done when 

 no workmen offer themselves for certain kinds of labor, while for other 

 kinds there are too many ; whether and how the workman is to be 

 entitled to a certain measure of the means of enjoyment according to 

 the nature of his work, or the exertions he puts forth, or his individual 

 needs : these are all open questions. The amicable settlement of 

 these questions presupposes, as we have already observed, a general 

 physical and moral elevation of the individual, of which the present 

 mean intellectual status is but a faint foretaste. 



Thus Socialist Democracy demands a more equitable general division 

 of the good things of life, that every one shall have a share in life's 

 pleasures, and it aims to demonstrate the justice and the naturalness of 

 the claim. We are interested in it, inasmuch as appeal is made to 

 Darwinism for its establishment. 



The revolution which goes on quietly in Christendom has appealed 

 to the equality which exists beyond the grave. The Revolution of 1789 

 was more practical, and championed the natural right of the Third 

 Estate — the right of equality and fraternity here on earth. What it 

 was that gave this direction to the revolution, and how it expounded 

 the return to nature and to the truth of which so much was then said, 

 is sufficiently well known. Now, again, as the Socialist Democracy is 

 not alone in affirming, and truly enough too perhaps, we stand on the 

 threshold of a social overturning. Again there is question of an appeal 

 to be made to the inborn rights of man. Next after the basic idea con- 

 trolling revolution, of which we have already spoken, the Socialistic pro- 

 gramme, like the programme of all revolutions which proceed from a 

 general state of distress, insists on the restoration of that equality 

 which is the strictly natural right of every man, but which has been 

 lost, owing to unnatural and perverted social conditions. 



The Socialist Democrats are not content wath Brentano's view, that 

 humanity's goal is perfection, nor with Held's, that the ideal end of 

 progress is the highest perfectionment of all. Hence they have enlarged 

 the idea of perfectionment by making it include a reduction of labor 

 and an increase of bodily and intellectual enjoyment. That, in the 

 event of a refusal to recognize the justice of this demand, force would 

 be employed to complete its demonstration, is expressed without 

 ambiguity. But it is easy to see how Avelcome it would be to the 

 leaders of the movement could biology be ranged on their side, and 



