EARLY TRACES OF MAN. 797 



into the quaternary deposits by the torrents which, in seasons of heavy 

 rainfall, carry to the Nile the waters from the mountains of Libya. 



Thus, then, thanks to the Exposition of the Anthropological Sci- 

 ences, we are in a position to show that the oldest Egyptian civilization 

 — that of the earliest dynasties — which dates back 4,000 years before our 

 era, was preceded by an age of polished stone, and that before that 

 period Egypt, like all the rest of the world, was occupied by quaternary 

 man. 



Tertiary Max. — Important as are the results of the Anthropologi- 

 cal Exposition from the point of view of quaternary man, they are still 

 more so from the point of view of tertiary man. 



But first let us understand what is meant by the terms quaternary 

 man and tertiary man. 



The fauna of the mammals serves clearly to determine the limits of 

 these later geological periods. 



The Tertiary is characterized by terrestrial mammals entirely differ- 

 ent from extant species ; the Quaternary by the mingling of extant with 

 extinct species ; the present period by the extant fauna. 



The man of the early Quaternary, he who made the St. Acheul 

 hatchets and used them, is the man of Neanderthal, of Canstatt, of 

 Enggisheim, of La Naulette, of Denise. He is indubitably a man, 

 but differing more widely from the Australian and the Hottentot than 

 the Australian and Hottentot differ from the European. Hence un- 

 questionably he formed another human species, the word species being 

 taken in the sense given to it by naturalists who do not accept the 

 transformation doctrine. 



Tertiary man, therefore, must have been still more distinct — of a 

 species still less like the present human species — indeed, so different as 

 to entitle it to be regarded as of distinct genus. For this reason I 

 have given to this being the name of man's precursor. Or he might be 

 called anthropopithecus — the man-monkey. 



The question of tertiary man should therefore be expressed thus : 

 Did there exist in the Tertiary age beings sufficiently intelligent to per- 

 form a part of the acts which are characteristic of man ? 



So stated, the question is settled most completely by the various 

 series of objects sent to the Anthropological Exposition. 



The first and oldest of these collections was that made by the late 

 Abb6 Bourgeois, at Thenay (Loir-et-Cher). At the International Con- 

 gress of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, held in Paris in 

 1867, the Abb6 Bourgeois exhibited tertiary flints which, he claimed, 

 had been chipped intentionally. These early specimens were not very 

 conclusive, lost as they were amid a multitude of other specimens which 

 certainly had not been fashioned intentionally, unless one can suppose 

 that the}' had been intentionally split by the action of fire. The result 

 was, that the abba's communication won to his side but few adherents. 



