ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 705 



branches of oak. They found that the mycelium was restricted to the 

 dead parts of the branch, but at a short distance from the fungus there 

 was a change in the tissue marked by the presence of thylosis. The 

 fungus fructifies and scatters its spores in early spring. Cultures were 

 made on pine, but though pycnidia appeared, no spores and no further 

 fruiting stages were formed. From their cultures and observations the 

 authors proved that GUthris quercina is not a true parasite, but only a 

 wound parasite. The mycelium can penetrate from the dead to the 

 living tissue, but only in branches that have been weakened already by 

 caterpillars or some other agency, and would have died soon in any 

 case. It is, however, undoubtedly the case that the fungus hastens the 

 destruction of the branch. 



Notes on Yeasts.* — C, Bergen has described a method of separating 

 Mycoderma yeast from vinegar bacteria. This is done by the presence 

 of acids and by changes of temperature. 



P. Lindner and F. Stockhausen f have tested the power that certain 

 yeasts and fungi have of assimilating the substances produced by yeasts. 

 They found that fungi grew well on these products ; a difference was 

 noted in the behaviour of different yeasts towards them. 



E. Pantauelli % has directed his attention to pressure and tension of 

 the yeast-cells, and has cultivated them on various substances in varying 

 conditions of light and temperature. He concludes from his experi- 

 ments that alcoholic yeast is not rightly described as " facultative 

 anaerobic," but rather, he thinks, it can survive a period without air. 



Th. Bokorny § criticises the conclusions arrived at concerning the 

 substance called Wildier's Bios. He recapitulates its supposed proper- 

 ties : among others, the power to induce fermentation. Bokorny thinks 

 in cases where fermentation did not take place, there was not so much 

 a lack of Bios as a too great quantity of some mineral poison. He 

 concludes by asserting that protoplasm and not Bios is the sole basis 

 of life. 



The influence of spectral colours has been tested on the sporulation 

 of Saccharomyces by J. E. Purvis and G. R. Warwick. || They found 

 (1) that the red rays hastened sporulation ; (2) that the green rays 

 caused delay ; (3) blue and violet rays retarded growth even more than 

 the green rays ; and (4) the ultraviolet rays had even more effect in 

 checking the life-capacity of the cells. 



M. A. Sartory^ contributes a study of Saccharomyces glutinis, a rose- 

 coloured yeast that grows on cheese, ground cereals, and many other 

 fermentable organic substances. He made cultures on various media, 

 and notes the results. The yeast is composed of rather small oval cells ; 

 ascospores were not formed. 



* Wochenschr. Brauerei, xxiii. (1906) No. 44. See also Ann. IMycoL, v. (1907) 

 p. 312. t Tom. cit., pp. 519-23. See also Ann. Mycol., v. (1907) p. 312. 



% Atti Rend. Accad. Lincei, ser. 5, xiv. (1905) pp. 720-6. See also Ann. Mycol., v. 

 (1907) pp. 312-13. 



§ Allgem. Brauer-Hopfen Zeitung, Feb. 7, 1907. See also Centralbl. Bakt., 

 xix. ^1907) pp. 331-3. 



II Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc, xiv. part 1 (1906). See also Centralbl. Bakt., xix. 

 (1907) pp. 333. 



t Bull. Soc. Mycol. France, xxiii. (1907) pp. 87-9. 



