Exhibition of Purpose and Intelligence hij Foraminifera. lo9 



the necessity of an external stimulus to set them in motion. 

 That the Foraminifera respond to stimuli is an ascertained fact. 

 In a laboratory observation-tank of my own, measuring three- 

 quarters of an inch from back to front, in which a plant (jf 

 EnteronKjrpha is growing, I liave made a crowd of Miliolidfe, 

 Gromiidoe, and Polystomellidic cross from one side to the other a 

 dozen times, "climbing" from one Enteromorpha blade to an- 

 other by means of their pseudopodia, by merely turning first 

 one side and then the other to the light. By " prodding " 

 tlie aboral end of Gromia with a needle I have made them dis- 

 charge the whole of their protoplasmic bodies into the water, 

 and so die. By touching the extended pseudopodia by which 

 Miliolidpe hang from, and move about upon, the surface-water- 

 layer of a tank * I have made tliem shrink below the surface, 

 hanging in a sort of " funnel " of pseudopodia. I merely record 

 these observations in this place, without comment. 



As a final quotation from this work of Dr. Carpenter I take 

 the following passage (§. 94, p. 105): "AVliilst, however, we fully 

 recognize the possession by many of the lower animals of an 

 intelligence comparable (up to a certain point) with that of man, 

 we find no evidence that any of them have a volitional power of 

 directing their mental operations at all similar to his." I should 

 be sorry if any words of mine should convey an impression that 

 I thought otherwise, but I cannot resist the citation of an example 

 given by Carpenter (Op. cit., p. 87). He tells us of " a domesti- 

 cated stork, which was accustomed to receive its food every 

 evening about six o'clock with the ordinary poultry ; and the 

 latter, being usually allowed to roam at large in the streets, were 

 collected together at the proper time by a man who went through 

 the town in search of them. The stork, after having tlius learned 

 not to expect its food until the poultry had been all collected, 

 spontaneously accompanied the collector, and assisted him in 

 bringing the fowls together ; and after doing this for a con- 

 siderable time, becoming gradually more and more independent 

 and self-relying, it became quite competent to perform this duty 

 for itself, and was at last entrusted with it, so that it might be 

 seen on any evening gravely perambulating the town, collecting 

 its flock of poultry, and driving them home just as a shepherd's 

 dog collects the sheep." 



It appears to me that the theory which I have endeavoured to 

 develop, without claiming to have originated it, derives support 

 from the following lines, taken from the passage quoted by Sir 

 Eay Lankester : — " The attributes which are restricted in the higher 

 types of animal life to the nervous apparatus may be (i?i tlie 

 EhizojJoda) diffused through every particle — the whole proto- 



* An observation which I thought was new, but which I find was made by 

 Dujardin in 1835. Op. cit. ante. 



