ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 479 



gemmules in the Clionidte is perhaps another means of defence against 

 similar enemies, particularly in the case of the deep-sea species Cliona 

 annulifera and Thoosa investigator is. The cases of invasion investigated 

 represent only a small proportion of those in which similar phenomena 

 occur. 



Protozoa. 



Endomixis in Paramecium caudatum.* — Rhoda Erdmann and 

 Lorande L. Woodruff describe the cytological phenomena of the 

 reorganization process in P. caudatum, as they previously did in 

 P. aurelia. The loss of chromatin in Paramecium occurs either by the 

 ■extension of chromatin bodies {P. caudatum and P. aurelia) ; by 

 extension of small granules from the macronucleus (P. caudatum) ; by 

 breaking up of the old macronucleus into two or more large pieces 

 {P. caudatum and P. aurelia). The result — the total destruction of the 

 individuality of the macronucleus — is the same in each case. Thus in 

 P. caudatum there are clearly two methods of macronuclear dissolution 

 in the descending phase of the reorganization process. The reorganiza- 

 tion in P. caudatu,m is essentially as in P. aurelia, and seems to be of 

 normal periodic occurrence. It is clear that conjugation — -the formation 

 of a syncaryon — is not necessary, that an individual Paramecium is 

 self-sufficient to reproduce indefinitely without it. 



New Ciliate from Csecum of Horse.f — Irwin C. Schumacher 

 describes Blepharocorys equi sp. n., a small Ciliate of complex structure, 

 abundant in the cfecum of the horse. The outer covering is stiff, in- 

 elastic and non-contractile. There is a slender corkscrew-shaped process 

 projecting from the anterior end, but its use was not discovered. The 

 dorsal surface is more or less convex, the ventral surface slightly con- 

 cave. There are right and left dorsal plates on an anterior prolonga- 

 tion, the frontal cap. There is no retractile peristome. The mouth is 

 a simple more or less circular opening in the left posterior end of a 

 vestibule near the ventral side. The " esophagus " is funnel-shaped, 

 ciliated along its dorsal surface. There are cilia on the dorsal plates, in 

 the gullet and anal region. There are membranellaj in the oral and 

 ventral lip regions, but the rest of the surface is naked. The macro- 

 nucleus is large and heart-shaped ; there is a single small micronucleus. 

 The anus is at the posterior end, and near it is a single large contractile 

 vacuole. liocomotion is slow, with frequent turning about on the long 

 axis. The food consists of bacteria and fine fragments of fodder. 



Mitochondria in Trypanosoma lewisi.| — P. G-. Shipley has been 

 able to effect vital staining of granulations in this Trypanosome by 

 using Janus green. The granules show the characteristic reactions of 

 mitochondria towards fixing and staining fluids. The question of 

 including them along with the kineto-nucleus as differentiated kino- 

 plasm is discussed. 



* Journ. Exper. Zool., xx, (1916) pp. 59-96 (7 pis.). 



t Publications Univ. California (Zool.) xvi. (1915) pp. 95-106 (1 pi.). 



I Anat. Eecord, x. (1916) pp. 439-45 (1 fig.). 



