116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIX. 



intervals and splits down the centre of the head and along the back 

 of segments 2 to 4, the pupa emerging slowly and gradually through 

 the opening. The whole skin is worked down to the tail by the 

 same wave-like, swelling motions and the " cremaster" or tail of the 

 chrysalis is disengaged from it, lifted over it and fixed into the pad 

 of silk by a screwing motion which works the cast covering, now 

 ill the shape of a ball, out sideways. The freshly emerged pupa is 

 very soft, more or less colourless and nearly as long as the larva 

 was, but soon becomes hard, shrinking in length, gaining thereby 

 a little in breadth and the colour gradually develops. Some pupse 

 are suspended by the tail only, hanging thus head downwards 

 {Nymphalidce, vide PL I, figs. 1, 2a, Sa, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, lOa, 

 11a), others lie back against a silken band or loop prepared before- 

 hand by the larva for its own body and rest, thus slanting in a semi- 

 upright position {Papilionidce and Pieridce, vide PI. I, figs. 13a, 14a, 

 15a, 16a and 17a, 18a ; PI. II, 19a, 20a), the loop being attached to 

 the same surface as the tail ; others again lie on the ground or on a 

 leaf, being fixed or not by a closely-applied body-band or loop as 

 well as by the tail {Lyemnidce, vide PI. II, figs. 21a to 28a) or are 

 enclosed partially or completely in a cylindrical or semi-cylindrical 

 cell made of a leaf of the ibod-plant, green or dry, on the tree or 

 fallen {Hesperidce, vide PI. II, fig. ola). These last are always attached 

 by the tail as well as by a closely applied loop or body-band. 



Some few caterpillars lie, after reaching their full growth, for 

 variable periods quiescent, taking no food for weeks and perhaps 

 months, then pupate as usual and produce the butterfly after the normal 

 period. This has been observed in the case of Tagiades atticus and a 

 few others. The time spent in the pupal stage varies generally 

 according to the time of year, being shorter in the monsoon than in 

 the dry season or cold weather. Some few species of butterflies have 

 only one or two broods in the twelve month, while the vast majority 

 breed more or less all the year round, the time of greatest activity in 

 this respect being that of the sprouting of the leaves : April-May and 

 September-October. The matter of the number of broods seem to 

 depend really altogether on the food-plant, if it is one that produces 

 young leaves only once in the year and at a particular season, the 

 butterfly whose larva feeds on those young leaves will be found only 

 at that time : if it has eatable ]o:iv<'< nil the vear round, and, if the 



