COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. G71 



front margins of segments i; and 8 and a smaller one, circular, on the other 

 segments surrounding base of subdorsal tubercle ; a still smaller one surround- 

 ing bases of dorsolateral, supraspiracular and subspiracular tubercles which are 

 all there ; the rows of tubercles are light in colour ; anal flap and belly 

 whitish ; tail-points comparatively the same length which is that of a single 

 body segment. Belly slightly hairy laterally. L : Umm. ; "B : l-75mm. at 

 end of stage. 



The third stage is nearly the same as last except that there is an extra 

 spine on head-margin below the horn : three below each other, the upper, 

 longest and curved, besides a row of four pointed and short spines in a plane 

 behind the horns ; surface of horns finely haired and rugose, shiny, with 

 two spines on each side of each ; surface of head shiny, pitted finely ; colour 

 of head light green with a dark brown stripe down face of each lobe, vertex 

 dark brown as also base of horns ; horns and spines otherwise all yellow : 

 base of clypeus yellow in centre ; eyes dark brown ; labrum whitish ; jaws 

 dark brown ; antennal joints both yellowish. Spiracles white, oval, flush, of 

 ordinary size, L : 14mm. ; B : 3-5mm. 



Pupa. — The pupa is also like that of Apatura iris. Looked at sideways 

 the shape is that of a section of a circle, the straight ventral line subtending 

 a quarter-circle curve formed by the highly convex dorsal line ; the abdominal 

 segments are laterally much compressed and highly carinated in the dorsal 

 line, the carina being thin. The breadth of pupa is the same from shoulders 

 to segment 8 and a twice as high as broad in the middle ; segments 4-6 are sepa- 

 rated slightly in the dorsal carinated edge and segment 6 is the highest part of 

 the curve ; the transverse section in middle of pupa is pear-shaped. The head 

 has two strong slightly diverging, conical points, narrowly separated at the bases 

 and about l-5mm. in length, about half as far apart at tips as the pupa is 

 broad in the middle ; the width increases evenly in width from head to should- 

 ers which have each two small tubercles ; the thorax or segment 3 is transversely 

 convex ; the cremaster is stout, triangular, flattened above and below. The 

 surface of the pupa is dull, transversely wrinkled all over under the lens ; there 

 is a low, indistinct ridge from each head-point running on to the thorax and 

 the lateral edge of pupa from shoulder to segment 4 is a ridge. The spiracles 

 are depressed, oval, colour of the pupa. Colour of pupa green, densely streaked 

 with white on the thorax and head, more obscurely elsewhere ; dorsal carinal 

 edge and wing-ridge are yellowish ; a prominent brown yellow rugosity along 

 spiracular line at hinder margin of segment 7. L : 2ymm. over all ; B : 8mm, at 

 middle ; H : 12mm, at segment 6. 



Habits. — The egg is laid ou the upperside of a leaf or near the edge 

 on the underside. The larva eats the egg-shell immediately after 

 emerging and then proceeds to make a bed of silk somewhere on the 

 upperside where it lies. Having grown somewhat it betakes itself to 

 the midrib, lying along it near the point, covering the surface of leaf 



