COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 871 



of each spiracle, legs and piolcgs all brownish ochieous. The whole larva 

 appeal's frosted- white on account of the presence of the small .white hairs. 

 L : 40mm. ; B : 5mm. 



Pupa. — The pupa is almost exactly the same shape as that of J. alviana in 

 every way ; it differs mainly in the colour which is a dull light browu throughout 

 with the front faces of the tubercles somewhat darker and the hinder faces 

 somewhat lighter than the ground-colour ; head-points, apex of thorax and 

 cremaster dark brown ; hinder half of segment 8 lighter than ground-colour ; 

 the apex of thorax is more pointed than that of J. ahiiana being a conical point ; 

 the anterior dorsal slope from apex to front of pupa is straight instead of 

 convex as in that species ; the cremaster is smoothly triangular and has no 

 tubercles ; the whole pupa is slighter. Spiracles of segment 2 indicated by a 

 small semicircle of a light red-brown colour on the surface of front margin of 

 segment 3 ; the other spiracles are rather narrow, black, somewhat raised ovala. 

 The body is somewhat constricted about segment 5. L : 17*5 mm. ; B : G'25 

 mm, at shouldei's and at segment 8. 



Habits. — The habits of the full-grown caterpillar are very 



similar to those of Junonia orithya in that it feeds upon low or 



procumbent plants and is generally found lying fuil-stretohed on a 



perpendicular stem or stalk. The egg is laid on a stalk of grass, 



on the dead stem of a plant, anywhere in fact as the foodplants 



grow in great abundance in the spots chosen for ovipositing ; the 



little larva finds the proper plant without any trouble and lies on the 



undersides of the leaves low down, and drops to the ground curled up 



when touched, remaining for a considerable time in that position before 



it regains confidence to move again. The pupa, as a rule, is afl&xed 



to a stem or leaf in some thick place, where the plants are close 



together and mixed with many other species, and, like the larva, is not 



easy to find. The butterfly moves very much like the other members 



of the genus, keeping much to the ground, and is fond of visiting 



flowers ; it is a somewhat weaker insect than any of the other species, 



and is not found much in the jungles, keeping chiefly to the open 



rice-fields and cultivated lands, especially where the ground is moist in 



the neighbourhood of tanks and ponds; it is commoner at sea-level 



from Thana southwards in the Bombay Presidency than anywhere else 



and is scarce in the jungles of the hills. The distribution is the Terai 



at the foot of the Himalayas from Kmnaon to yikhim ; Eastern Bengal ; 



Central Provinces ; Kanara ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Teuasserim ; 



extending into the Malayan subregion. The foodplants are aoantha- 



ceous like those of the other members of the genus ; those the larva 



13 



