878 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIX. 



slightly between the shoulder-tubercle and the one immediately behind it. 

 Pupa stoutest at segment 7/8 ; section of abdomen circular with the line of 

 junction of wings slightly prominent. Segment 12 suddenly narrower than 

 segment 11 ; segments 12-14 very short ; cremaster stout, short, square, with 

 strong ventral extensor ridges ; hair-hooklets at very extremity. Spiracular 

 expansions of segment 2 represented by little linear orange bodies, hardly 

 prominent ; the spiracles dull black, oval, rather small. Surface finely 

 roughened ; velvety looking ; a dorsolateral conical tubercle on segments 3-11, 

 those on segments 4. 6-8 rather large ; a lateral and subspiiacular similar, 

 smaller tubercle on segments 6. 7 and 8. Colour dark greyish green with black 

 and cream-coloured markings ; cremaster dark greasy-looking, red-brown ; a 

 broad band on hinder margin of segment 11 internipted ventrally, two parallel 

 longitudinal ventral bands, a band on posterior margin of segment 8 continued 

 by a broad diagonal light brown band on wing, the posterior side of all dorso- 

 lateral tubercles except those of segments 9 and 10, some markings on segments 

 1-3, a dorsal blotch on segments 9 and 10, the underside of head: all cream- 

 coloured. L ;20mm. ; B : 7*5mm. 



Habits. — The egg is laid on the underside of a leaf ; the larva lives 

 there, eating continuously and when full grown may be found any- 

 where on the plant. The pupa is formed on the underside of a leaf, 

 stalk or stem, or elsewhere, hangs freely and is firmly fixed. The 

 colour of the pupa is liable to little variation, the markings to none. 

 The butterfly is very common, possibly the commonest of the Junonion 

 in India and sometimes exists in great numbers in certain localities. 

 It is not quite so common in the jungles and hills as in the plains but 

 on the coast in the Konkan, just along the very base of the ghats, it 

 occurs very abundantly in the end of the monsoon, frequenting the 

 neighbourhood of tanks and ponds, the banks of rivers, wet rice fields, 

 &c., where its food-plants or, properly speaking, certain of its food- 

 plants grow in profusion. One of these on which it is commonly found 

 is Asteracantha longifolia^ J^ees., others are flT/grophila, Barleria of 

 difi'erent species, and doubtless there are many others. All of them 

 belong to the family Acanthacece. The butterfly is a strong flier, but, 

 like the others, never goes very far v^ithout settling, basks with its 

 wings open, but rests with tiiem closed and nearly always on the 

 ground, often settling, when put up, after a short flight among leaves 

 and rubbish, after the manner of a Melanitk, sideways, showing the 

 whole surfac:e of the underside ot wings. This is, no doubt, the reason 

 why the dry season forms have the wonderful leaf-pattern, varying 

 in shade so much on the imderside, the {produced hooked apices to 



