1898] CLASSIFICATION OF TEE DAY BUTTERFLIES 99 



the case of the Attacinae (I.e. 30, 31), and that we are not warranted 

 in using this character alone for associative purposes. 



In offering, in this paper, a reading of the facts presented by the 

 study of the structure of butterfly wings, I have tried to give a fresh 

 turn to the subject and to supply a firmer basis for classification. 

 And while the results I have reached can find in this place only a 

 partial application, and, indeed, while the neuration itself may not 

 ultimately in every case give clearly the clue to phylogeny, yet the 

 facts brought forward here cannot be disregarded in any system 

 purporting to arrange the butterflies according to a probable blood 

 relationship. 



A. Radcliffe Geote. 



EoEMER Museum, Hildesheim. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL 



The figures are obtained by photographic process. 



111 = Radial veins ; IV = Median veins ; V = Cubital veins. 



Fig. 9. Pararge aegcria. Type of sub-family and genus. Size 1^/1. Attention is 

 called to position of cross-vein on secondaries, where vein IVs has efi'ected 

 junction with cubital system as in the Nymphalidae, also relatively great 

 absorption of II and III at base. 



Fig. 10. Erchia ligea. Type of genus of Agapetinae. Size 1|/1. Compare condition 

 of cross- vein of secondaries, typical of sub- family, the same as in Pieridae, 

 Heliconidae, Limnadidae, where vein IVs still leaves cross-vein. 



Fig. 11. Ocneis aeUo. Size 1^/1- Introduced to show its generalised character ; cells 

 strongly closed, absorption of II by III at base only partial as in Erebia, 

 which it most resembles. Compare text. 



Fig. 12. Libythea ccUis. Type of genus and family. Size 2/1. Compare text. 



Fig. 13. Riodina It/sippus. Type of genus and family. Size 2/1. Compare this with 

 figures of Lycaeni-Hesperiadae and especially with Thecla given here. Note 

 that pattern of wing is same and the main difference is displayed by the 

 reduction of radial branches in which the Riodinidae are equalled by the 

 Zephyrini and beaten by the Theclini. Note retention of vein I on hind- 

 wings, which has become absorbed in the Lycaenidae and Hesperiadae. 

 Thecla spin i. Type of genus and sub-family. Size 2/1. Compare above. 

 Lycaena emhjmion. Considered by Scudder type of genus and family. Attend 

 to four-branched radius, IVi not joined to radius, its base between junction 

 of punctated degenerate cross-vein and radius being morphologically part of 

 cross-vein. 

 Rusticus argils. Type of genns. Size 2/1. This common ' Blue ' differs a 



little from Lycaena in the jiosition and condition of vein IVi. 

 PampMIa palacmoii. Type of genus and sub-family. Size 2/1. Note absence 



of costal vein on forewings and presence of VIII. 

 Plathcspcria (olim Eantis^vel Achylodcs) busiris, Cram. sp. Type of genus. 

 Primary wing. Size 1/1. Introduced here to show more clearly the 

 typical hesjierid pattern. Compare with Hesperia malvac. 



