1898] NEW SCHEME OF GEOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 267 



the form of barren red or yellow sands. When these sands occur in 

 a somewhat disturbed or dishevelled form, they have been called 

 " Middle Sands," and have been associated with the Drift. Why, I 

 know not, for they are essentially crag sands, and Mr Horace Wood- 

 ward has shown how difficult or impossible it is to separate them from 

 true crag. When the principal pit was dug at Hoxne the other day, the 

 supposed equivalent of the beds containing palaeolithic implements 

 was found to be underlaid, not by boulder clay, either brown or 

 chalky, or by any deposit containing foreign erratics, but by a bed 

 of barren sand (unmistakably, as it seems to me, for I know the 

 neighbourhood) belonging to the crag series. It is curious, notwith- 

 standing all this, that the bed of sand in question has been labelled 

 Glacial Sand on the diagram attached to the report ! And in this 

 way the palaeolithic bed is made out to be inter-glacial or post- 

 glacial. 



I shall not pursue this matter further, but content myself by 

 reaffirming that the very numerous facts quoted by Dr Hicks and 

 myself and others, prove that the Mammoth bed or beds, with 

 palaeolithic implements in them, in all cases where they can be 

 properly tested, underlie the Drift beds. Those who say they don't 

 had better answer our facts and arguments instead of shouting cuckoo 

 to each other. 



The next point upon which I entertain absolutely heretical views 

 is as to the origin of these beds. In my view they have been dis- 

 tributed by water and not by ice. Upon this issue I have printed 

 two considerable volumes, and many papers in the Geological 

 Magazine, and every day strengthens me in my opinion. I further 

 hold and think that I have proved that of the contents of these beds 

 the greater part are derivative. This is the case with the rounded 

 boulders, with the rounded and smoothed pebbles in the gravels, 

 and with the sands and the older clays incorporated with them. 

 It is so, as Mr Horace Woodward has shown, and as is now admitted 

 by Mr C. Reid, in regard to the marine shells which were formerly 

 styled glacial, and it is so with the logs of wood, the deer's antlers, 

 and the molar teeth, and great limb-bones of the Mammoth and 

 other animals found with them. All the contents of the beds, so 

 far as we can make out, are adventitious and derivative. This I 

 have maintained at great length elsewhere. 



Secondly, I also maintain that these beds, instead of representing 

 a long period with manifold changes, glacial or otherwise, represent 

 a transient and rapid diluvial movement. In the great kames of 

 the Lancashire valleys as on the cliffs at Cromer, the laminae of sand 

 and finely levigated clays are arranged in immense curves reaching 

 sometimes from the base to the summit of the beds. These curves 

 are unbroken and continuous, and are therefore clearly the product 



