ZOOLOGY 227 



SoNNTAG, C. F., " On the Vagus and Sympathetic Nerves of the Edentates," 

 SoNNTAG, C. F., " On the Vagus and Sympathetic Nerveg oiHyrax capensis," 

 Proc. Z.S., Pt. I, 1922. 



General Experimental Zoology. — A. Fleming has discovered 

 a remarkable bacteriolytic element in tears, saliva, and sputum, 

 and in most of the tissues of the body. It possesses the 

 property of destroying microbes to a very high degree {Proc. 

 Roy. Soc, vol. xciii, No. 653, B). 



L. T. Hogben and F. R. Winton, working on the reaction of 

 the frog's melanophores to pituitary extract, have found that 

 extracts of the posterior lobe of that gland, in quantities as small 

 as one-thousandth of the ordinary clinical dose, cause expansion 

 of the melanophores. This extract acts directly upon the 

 melanophores, rather than on the nerve endings, as the reaction 

 occurs when the nerve endings have been paralysed by drugs 

 {Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xciii. No. 653, B). 



An interesting series of investigations on animal pigments 

 is the subject of a paper b}'- J. F. Fulton in the Q/f.M.S. 

 (vol. Ixvi, June 1922). The pigments of the invertebrates 

 appear to be derived from their food ; they are absorbed by 

 the blood and carried by it to the epidermis, and there deposited. 

 The writer considers that strong evidence exists that the 

 respiratory pigment haemoglobin is derived both phylogeneti- 

 cally and physiologically from chlorphyll. Such pigments as 

 haemoglobin are possibly synthesised from the four pyrrol 

 groups of the chlorophyll molecule. 



ENTOMOLOGY. By A. D. Imms, D.Sc, Institute of Plant Pathology, 

 Rotharasted Experimental Station, Harpenden, 



General Entomology. — G. C. Crampton {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash- 

 ington, 24, 65-82) has a further contribution to his already 

 numerous series of articles on insect morphology. In the 

 present paper he discusses the first maxillae of the Apterygota, 

 comparing them with the corresponding appendages in Crus- 

 tacea. He concludes that the basal segment of a crustacean 

 buccal appendage forms the cardo of an insect's maxilla. 

 The second segment, with its endite in the Crustacea, forms- 

 the stipes with the lacinia in insects, while the third segment 

 with its endite in Crustacea forms the insectan palpifer with 

 the galea. The terminal segments of the endopodite of the 

 crustacean buccal appendage forms the palpus of the insect's 

 maxilla. He regards it as incorrect to homologise the maxil- 

 lary palpus of the insect with the exopodite of the crustacean 

 limb, and the galea and lacinia of the insect with the endo- 

 podite of that limb. E. M. Walker {Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 15, 

 1-88) contributes a lengthy paper on the terminal abdominal 

 structures of orthopterous insects, and is of general interest 



