INDUSTRY AND BIODYNAMICS 463 



of (2). Equation (2) seems to represent completely the energy systems of 

 all present-day animal life. 



There is still another aspect of the energy system. From biology we 

 learn that, in animal life of past days, there has been an upgrading or advance- 

 ment of species. Regarding this matter in the light of the law of conserva- 

 tion of energy, we may write 



P.E. = K.E. + I.E. .,.. (3). 



where I.E. represents internal energy of biological development. If I.E. be 

 allowed to represent the energy requisite for internal biological development 

 and also for propagation of the species, then (2) is a special form of (3). 

 That is to say, so long as evolution persists the energy system is represented 

 by (3), and, when it ceases, by (2). 



To understand equation (3) let us examine an energy system in a state 

 of evolution. As an example take a woodpecker. This bird has a very 

 remarkable tongue of considerable length with which to capture insects in 

 the deep crevices about the bark of trees. Any biologist will allow that the 

 tongue was once a simple instrument quite as weak, say, as that of a sparrow. 

 The woodpecker was then well within the period of active evolution, and 

 this is how the activity presents itself to me. At this time the energy system 

 was as represented by equation (3). When an internal energy is engendered 

 in this manner the only outlet appears to be at the points where the industrial 

 mechanism of the animal touches the external supplies of energy. At the 

 tip of the then simple tongue of the woodpecker the available internal energy 

 seems to have concentrated into one cell. In the capture of an insect whiclx 

 the eye could see and the whole body yearned for, this simple cell was driven 

 to such physical extremity that it split into two, as every well-functioning 

 cell would do. This was the beginning of a new anatomical outburst, and 

 soon that portion of internal energy became transformed into so much 

 biological tissue. 



In this matter of improved industrial power other functions are involved 

 besides the upbuilding of a mechanism like the tongue. Another example 

 will make this clear. At one period in the evolution of the frog the final 

 anatomical form must have appeared to be a tadpole without legs. At this 

 period the internal energy, as in (3), had a value. This energy, as we now 

 know, became a reality in the provision of four legs ; the animal became an 

 amphibian with much greater industrial powers. The provision of legs, it 

 is tempting to suppose, occupied the attentions of numerous generations of 

 frogs. Consider one of the builders who came well within this activity. 

 The anatomical completion within him, as a tadpole, of the equipment as 

 possessed by his parent is, of course, reckoned as the moment of his birth. 

 At that moment he commences his own life, and his duty to the race begins. 

 The internal energy provides the means for new experiences in the develop- 

 ment of the frog activities, and the mode of this operation is as follows : 

 The internal energy, concentrated within some particular cell, first provides 

 the energy or the urge for the new experience ; the experience when acquired 

 is recorded in the faculty of remembrance, conscious or unconscious, for 

 the use and advantage of all subsequent generations. The successor of this 

 frog, passing through the stage of recapitulation, has just a little more to 

 learn in the pre-natal stages than the predecessor. Therefore, in these two 

 generations of frogs, there is an increase of knowledge as between the birth 

 of the first and the birth of the second. Every frog nowadays possesses an 

 effectual set of legs and an efficient control centre in the form of a brain. 

 The competence of the brain is, therefore, part of the industrial system. 

 The power to cause motion is the essential requirement. Speaking strictly 

 dynamically, that which causes motion is stored energy. Speaking bio- 

 dynamically (from what we have just seen) that which causes motion is 



