466 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



ference of a portion of life from man to the surrounding medium, then life, as 

 an entity, commenced a spiritual, as contrasted with a physical, advance. 



The clearest interpretation is put upon the matter by regarding mankind 

 as an organism within which man, although changing his function, still 

 retains his physical characteristics ; just as a biological cell does within a 

 physical organism. Incidentally we are bound to admit that just as the life 

 within an organism is indivisible so also is the life within mankind. 



In an animal we have regarded an outburst of energy as an industrial 

 effort inducing certain animal knowledge and thus carrjdng the power of 

 proper motion in perpetuity ; how do we interpret the new organism in 

 terms of this ? It must be remembered that in the instances chosen we have 

 studied the animal at a position considerably advanced in its development, 

 and, therefore, possessing, in some measure, a controlling brain. In the 

 organism conceived by this act of man we have an organism in the rudimentary 

 stages, and in a condition where the brain — or, as we should say, the mind — 

 is a new creation. We should, therefore, quite reasonably expect considerable 

 industrial advances before the mind came to any settled formation, but we 

 should also expect that when this did occur it would do so in a manner quite 

 unmistakable. Two important examples are available to illustrate this 

 point. First : In the year 1666 Newton discovered the laws of motion. 

 All the while from primeval days down to that moment the mechanism of 

 the organism had been advancing, and 1666 marks, within the mind of man, 

 the birth of an element of knowledge promoted by a simple act in the distant 

 past. But notice the conditions of the promotion : only when the mind of 

 man had become so widely prepared and had risen to such a stature as to be 

 capable of associating in one element of knowledge the bases both of mankind 

 and the physical universe. The forces behind the stellar motions are the 

 same as those which issued from the hand of man. Second : Primitive man 

 used fire-sticks to make fire because he " learned by doing " that work pro- 

 duced heat. In the first century a.d. Hero made a steam-engine because he 

 learned in the same way that heat produced work. The organic growth of 

 man benefited greatly by these knowledges, but not until the year 1847 

 did they become science as the laws of thermodynamics ; and then principally 

 on the ground that these ancient forces of man are the same as those by 

 which the suns are formed. 



One characteristic feature and universal effect of industry is the division 

 of labour. This is well known and easily recognised either in biological or 

 social affairs. The power in animals to manufacture wings, beak, teeth, 

 claws, etc., becomes, in man, the power to make tools. At first these were of 

 wood, horn, bone, shell, or stone. Later, fire became the agent for the 

 manufacture of tools, and from that time the advance of man becomes 

 appreciable. In pre-fire days the division would be of a low order and the 

 social organism would possess an adhesion practically indistinguishable 

 from gregariousness. When fire became part of man's energy system many 

 important events were precipitated which can easily be interpreted because 

 the same principles are in operation to-day. The first smith (or his equiva- 

 lent) attracted to himself other men by the unspoken proposition that he 

 and they should bond themselves for mutual advantage. This involves the 

 division of labour and at once suggests the presence of an organic force. 

 The assemblage of men suggests an organism ; but are all the essentials of 

 an organism here represented ? Is there, for example, any suggestion of a 

 nucleus ? In his capacity as a skilled man the smith represents an organisa- 

 tion of knowledge about a personal nucleus. He is also the personal represen- 

 tation of his environment, which he continually transforms into life. So much 

 for the smith ; the same might be said of his fellows, and, moreover, we have 

 noticed the same principle in animals. But regarding the smith and his 

 fellows, for a moment, as a number of static organisations, we suddenly see 



