TEE RENAISSANCE OF SCIENCE. 



19 



to agree with the nine heavens moved by angels or intelligences, the 

 supreme sphere resting in God himself. 



LiBEBAi- Abts 



Trivium 



Quadrivium 



Philosophy 



Grammar Moon Angels 



Dialectic Mercury Archangels 



Rhetoric Venus Thrones 



Arithmetic Sun Dominions 



Music Mars Virtues 



Geometry Jupiter Principalities 



^ Astrology Saturn Powers 



Physics and 

 Metaphysics 



Moral Science { Crystalline Heaven Seraphim 



, Theology { Empyrean God. 



> Starry Heaven Cherubim 



About the end of the fifteenth century a revolt against the Aristotle 

 of the Arab commentators took form in Italy. On April 4, 1497, the 

 first lecture from the original Greek text was given at the University 

 of Padua. The 'vain glosses' of the Arabs were decried by the most 

 distinguished among the teachers of the sixteenth century. Hippoc- 

 rates and Galen were infallible only in Greek. In 1552 the preface to 

 an edition of Averroes declared: ''Our ancestors could find nothing 

 ingenious in philosophy or medicine unless it came from the Moors. 

 Our own age, on the other hand, trampling Arab science under foot, 

 admires and accepts only what comes directly from the treasury of 

 Greece ; it adores the Greeks only ; it will have only Greeks for masters ; 

 he who knows not Greek, knows nothing. ' ' The Arab Aristotle became 

 'a poisoner; an obscurantist; the executioner of the human race, who 

 has destroyed the world with his pen as did Alexander with his sword. ' 

 The new school conquered in the end, but not without a long struggle. 



In Petrarch 's time the doctrines of Aristotle had taken on an aridity 

 from the Arab commentators that cried for a living spirit to replace it. 



"Petrarch deserves the name of 'the first modern man' in that he 

 first introduced to the Latins the fine feeling of antique culture, the 

 source of all our civilization. * * * It was he who first rediscovered 

 the secret of that noble, generous and liberal comprehension of life 

 which disappeared when the barbarians triumphed over the ancient 

 world. ' ' 



When Arab philosophy was finally overthrown in the early part of 

 the seventeenth century (we may fix the date at the death of Cremonini 

 in 1G31) the liberty of opinion that then prevailed in the northeast of 

 Italy vanished completely. The day of conflict was over. The reign 

 of orthodoxy began anew. The final defeat of the Arabs was, on the 

 one hand, a sign of the victory of experimental science; and on the 

 other, it cleared the way for a rigid orthodoxy. 



During the period when the struggle between the Arab and the 

 Greek Aristotle was in full progress it was inevitable that liberty of 



