TEE CAUCASIAN IN BRAZIL. 555 



611,000, while the negro arrivals had ceased almost entirely with the 

 abolition of the slave trade. The census of 1890 does not give race 

 numbers as to many localities, but estimating these on the basis of the 

 sections where the relative proportions were ascertained, the percentage 

 of whites is 44; of negroes, 18; of mulattoes, 35, and of Indians, 3. 

 Dividing the total population into its race elements according to the 

 principle already used with the figures for 1872, after making an allow- 

 ance for the lessening proportion of dark blood among the reported 

 'whites,' we find that in 1890 there was 49 per cent, of white blood, 

 47 black and 4 Indian. 



The tendency of the pure negroes to decrease in numbers is con- 

 clusively shown by the accurate statistics of the slave population kept 

 during the existence of that institution in Brazil. In 1818 the slaves 

 numbered 2,350,000; in 1872, 1,510,806; in 1887, adding their chil- 

 dren born free under the gradual emancipation law of 1873, 1,183,250. 



The immense extent of Brazil, the wide variations in climate, soil 

 and altitude, the predominance of sugar culture with the employment 

 of great gangs of slaves on large plantations in some localities, and of 

 the cattle industry which the whites are fond of in others, and the 

 fact that sometimes the Indians were collected into villages of their 

 own and sometimes were enslaved and almost exterminated, have caused 

 great differences between the various states in the relative numbers of 

 the three races. The limits of this article do not permit a discussion 

 of each state separately, but it would confirm the conclusions already 

 indicated. 



Even in the parts of Brazil which are the most tropical and least 

 attractive to Europeans, and where white immigration during the last 

 century was inappreciable, such as the non-coffee and sugar states of 

 the central and northern coast, and the wild and remote interior in- 

 cluded in the states of Goyaz, Minas and Matto Grosso, the whites have 

 increased more rapidly than pure negroes or Indians. The latter tend 

 to disappear into the mass of mixed bloods who constitute the bulk of 

 the population. A large proportion of the Caucasians have, however, 

 maintained themselves in direct, prolific and unmixed lines for three 

 hundred and seventy years, and their commercial and intellectual 

 dominance has never been threatened. 



In the favored regions of the south the preponderance of the whites 

 is enormous and is rapidly increasing. On the coffee plantations of 

 Sao Paulo, where the negro slave formerly did all the work, he has 

 been completely displaced by the immigrant from Europe. The 

 negroes and mulattoes have little chance of intermarrying with the 

 whites; their unions among themselves produce a small number of 

 children, and they show little providence in forming and taking care 

 of families. They do not have, as do their contemporaries in the 



