LIEBIG AND THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. 535 



products from the distillation of wood and coal-tar, the finished ma- 

 terials being aniline and alizarine dye-stufEs, indigo, pharmaceutical 

 and photographic products, artificial sweeteners and artificial perfumes, 

 are managed esclusively by scientific chemists. The practical man was 

 forced to yield to the well-educated theoretical man. 



Laboratories in which are to be found all the modem apparatus 

 and implements of science and technique have taken the place of the 

 dark cellars in which chemists were formerly imprisoned; magnificent 

 libraries are at the disposal of the investigating chemist of the works, 

 and everywhere Liebig's spirit rules and everywhere Liebig's methods 

 are practised. 



How much importance the German chemical industry attaches to 

 the exclusive employment of scientific men, how these are educated at 

 the universities and polyteclmies, and what means are employed to 

 maintain the scientific standard of the chemist, all that I had the 

 honor of pointing out in a lecture, delivered seven years ago during 

 my first visit to the United States before the New York Section 

 of the Society of Chemical Industry. Meanwhile the number of 

 chemists employed in our German factories has not only increased 

 considerably, but we have also raised the requirements in the educa- 

 tion of chemists whom we employ in our factories and laboratories. 

 Where seven years ago, as I then stated, our factory, the Farbenfabriken 

 vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co. at Elberfeld, had only one hundred chemists, 

 educated at German universities or high schools, we have now over 

 160 in our employ. 



A systematic organization, founded on a scientific basis, encircles 

 our works. No effort is omitted to bring to the notice of all the chem- 

 ists every advance of science, so that they may utilize it for the benefit 

 of our factory, and every new technical method is at once thoroughly 

 investigated in order thus to gain new knowledge and create new 

 products. 



The details of such an organization are most interesting. The 

 control of all raw materials, delivered at the works by water or rail 

 and of all the intermediary products, are carried out by a central 

 laboratory, which is devoted to analytical chemistry exclusively. In 

 this laboratory a large force of analytical specialists is employed. 

 Here are analyzed not only products which are bought by us, but also 

 intermediary products which are furnished by one department of our 

 works to another, and the exchange of goods within our factory is 

 carried out by contracts which are concluded between the various de- 

 partments. The analytical methods which are to be used and the 

 conditions of the contracts are perhaps more stringent than if the 

 material had been purchased from outside factories. When no an- 



