LIEBIG AND TEE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. 537 



meetings are held, where reports are made on all new discoveries and 

 publications. 



The finished products of each department, both the coloring matters 

 and the pharmaceutical and photographic products, are tested as to 

 their efficiency in laboratories especially equipped for the purpose. 

 The controlling laboratory for coloring matters is provided with all 

 the machinery and apparatus used in first-class print works and 

 dye houses. Here the coloring matters are practically applied, and it 

 is ascertained whether they come up to the requirements or not, and 

 only when their standard has been determined are they permitted to 

 leave the factory, A very important part of the work of these control 

 or testing laboratories consists in examining the many new products 

 which are the results of the investigations of the scientific laboratories, 

 as to their usefulness, and to find new methods of application for the 

 older products. 



As the colors are tested in the dye laboratory, so the pharmaceutical 

 products are investigated in the pharmacological laboratory, at the head 

 of which we have at our Elberfeld works a prominent representative 

 of this science, who was a teacher of pharmacology and physiology at 

 the University of Gottingen. His assistants comprise four physicians 

 and two bacteriologists who are constantly carrying out animal experi- 

 ments on frogs, rabbits, cats, dogs, etc. 



It will be seen therefore that scientific and systematic research has 

 in Germany taken the place of empirical experiments. Although every 

 chemist is a specialist in his own branch, he is enabled to find his way 

 in any other special line of chemistry on account of his thorough gen- 

 eral education and the constant accessions to his knowledge. 



We should never have reached and would surely not have been able 

 to maintain the high standing which the German chemical industry 

 holds in the world now-a-days, unless this scientific bent of mind, 

 which seems to be a particular quality of the German national char- 

 acter, had governed our work. 



As I did seven years ago, so I have this time taken a four weeks' 

 trip through this beautiful country, and have seen many of the Amer- 

 ican industries. Owing to the extraordinary hospitality and courtesy 

 of the inhabitants of all the cities visited, we have been allowed to 

 inspect almost all the great branches of American industry. Aside 

 from the various and magnificent textile works of the south and the 

 east, we have seen the largest steel works and iron foundries, refineries 

 of petroleum, glass factories, factories for all kinds of electrical appli- 

 ances and machinery; and of the chemical factories we have visited 

 some of those engaged in the production of heavy chemicals, factories 

 of the organic chemical industry and especially those of the electro- 

 chemical industry. 



