TILE BUTTERFLIES Ot LAHORE. 137 



covered with scrub juugle — (^ajypans and Satvadora ; and the 

 trees (other than those introduced into gardens and plantations) 

 are mostly the Tamarix, Sissoo, Acacia and occasionally a Zizyiilms. 

 Among- garden shrubs which Bourish and which are affected by the 

 insects, either in the larval or the imago stage, may be mentioned 

 the Oleander {Xeriiim), species of Citrus, the Daranta and a plant 

 with white jasmine like llowers much used for hedges. 



The list gives fifty-four species actuallj^ recorded ; and men- 

 tions another fifteen or eighteen which should be or may be found 

 to occur. The numbers quoted are those against which each 

 species appears in Bingham's " Fauna of India " and in deNiceville's 

 '• Butterfiies of India, &c." 



NYMPHALIDiE. 



Sub-family — Danaince. 



As may be expected, this sub-family is poorly represented in the dry 

 Punjab plains. Only four species appear. 



1. Danais ple.iippus, Linnpeus. (6Bing.;31 Aeis . SlS yenutia) . Is not 

 rare in years when there is a good monsoon. It appears, as a rule, in July, 

 and is on the wing throughout August and early September. A very 

 occasional, and usually damaged, specimen may sometimes be seen during 

 October, but after this the species disappears completely till the following 

 rains. 



2. Danais chrysipims, Linnoeus. (8 Bing. ; 28 deN.). To be seen 

 throughout the year. Is very common during the rains and autumn, and 

 only slightly less so in the winter. One or two may even be seen in the 

 very hot months before the monsoon. 



The variety D. alcippus, Cramer. (29 deN.) is to be taken but is 

 extremely rare ; the dimorphic form D. dorippus, Klug. (30 deN.) may 

 possibly extend to the district, but I have not yet seen it, 



3. Danais limniace, Cramer. (12 Bing. ; 26 deN.). Appears at very 

 much the same time as D. ple.tippus and is favoured by the same condi- 

 tions. The species disappeared almost completely in 1915, but this was an 

 extraordinarily hot year without rain. It was, on the other hand, exceed- 

 ingly common in July and August 1916, which were unusually wet mouths. 

 Is very fond of the flowers of the Duranta. 



4. Euplfpa core, CiSimeT. (31 Bing. ; 61 deN.). Appears with D.ple- 

 xippus and D. limniace and is nearly as common. An occasional specimen 

 may sometimes be seen well into the cold weather. 



Sub-family — Satyrinoe. 



The conditions of the locality do not suit the sub-family and it is almost 

 completely absent. Only two species have been found and individuals are 

 scarce. 



6. Ypthima indica, Hewitson. (172 Bing. ; 214 deN.). Veryrarely seen, 

 only two specimens being recorded, one in June and one in November. 

 May possibly be more plentiful in favoured local spots. 



6. Melanitis ismene, Craxaer . (191 Bing.; 249 deN.). Very erratic in 

 its appearances and not common then. My notes of the four years' obser- 

 vations show that a few were seen in 1913, one in 1914, none in 1915, while 

 it was comparatively abundant in 1916. It is on the wing for a very 

 short time only in August or September, and is markedly crepuscular in its 

 habits. 



18 



