ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 79 



giving it an intercalary position. Attempts were made to induce the 

 germination of these spores, but without success. Price suggests that 

 they may be of the nature of resting-spores. 



Red-brown Spotting of Cheese.*— Trouble was caused in the cheese 

 factories of the Emmenthal, by the occurrence of red-brown spots on 

 the outer rind of the cheese manufactured there. W. Staub has gone 

 into the matter, and finds the spots are caused by Penicillium casei sp. n., 

 closely allied to P. glancum. Cultures were made of the new species, 

 and it is compared with the other species of the genus. Staub considers 

 that it might easily be got rid of by excessive cleanliness, especially 

 avoiding the handling of newly-made cheese at the same time as the 

 old, and the careful cleansing of the benches where they are laid to ripen. 



Biology of the Uredinales.f — Rene Maire has written a critical 

 review of the work done on this group of fungi up to the present day- 

 He discusses first the evolution of the different forms, a question in- 

 timately connected wdth the sexuality of Uredineae, which he concludes 

 is a phenomenon of replacement superseding a primitive sexuality now 

 lost, but which approached that of the Rhodophycese. He then discusses 

 the group — all the members of which are parasites — in their relation to 

 the hosts and to their environment generally. This subject includes the 

 development of the different types, with the various spore-forms, the 

 dissemination of spores, and the question of infection with that of im- 

 munity, etc., and Eriksson's theory of mycoplasma in the cells of the 

 host-plant, which he considers as yet undecided. The origin of species 

 and of morphological characters of specialization and of heteroxeny are 

 taken up by the author, who gives in each case the latest theories and 

 the latest record of work. The influence of the parasite on the host, 

 and the changes induced by its presence, are set forth under " morpho- 

 genous actions and physiological actions." The former includes all 

 cases of hypertrophy in stem, leaf, or flower ; the other refers to the 

 exciting action of the parasites on the tissues leading, in some cases, to 

 earlier development of the part attached, and to the destruction of the 

 reproductive parts ; the general health of the plant is also affected by 

 the withdrawal of food-supply, etc. Finally, the conditions affecting 

 the geographical distribution arc outlined, abundant humidity being one 

 of the most essential factors in the case. A full bibliography of the 

 subject is appended. 



Uredineae. I — P. Dietel gives an account of culture experiments with 

 Hyalospora Polypodii, a rust of ferns. He was able to prove conclu- 

 sively that the uredospores persisted during the winter, and infected the 

 new fern plants in the spring. No teleutospores were developed from 

 the cultures, nor were any found. The whole life-cycle of this rust 

 seems to be confined to the one spore-form. 



Thore Lindfors § has described various Uredinese from Swedish 



* Centralbl. Bakt., xxxi. (1911) po. 454-66 (1 pi. and 12 figs.). 

 + Progr. Rei. Bot., Iv. (1911) pp. 109-62. 

 X Ann. Mycol., ix. (1911) pp. 630-3. 



§ Svensk. Bot. Tidsskr., iv. (1910) pp. 197-202. See also Hedwigia, li. (1911) 

 pp. 107-8. 



