ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 173 



supporting tissue, fibrillar supporting tissue, elastic connective tissue, 

 tendinous tissue, etc. ; (4) cartilaginous tissue — fibrous, elastic, and 

 hyaline ; and (5) hard tissue — osseous, osteoid, and dentin. 



C. In the third place, there is cuticular tissue, in simple form, in 

 Crustaceans, in Molluscs, and Brachiopods, and in Tunicate tests. The 

 author gives an ingenious and intricate diagram showing the inter- 

 relations of these various kinds of supporting tissue. 



Hairs of Cetaceans.* — Arnold Japha has investigated five baleen 

 Cetaceans (four species of Balsenoptera and Megaptera nodosa) and six 

 toothed Cetaceans {Phocsena phoctena, Tursiops tiirsio, Globicephalus 

 melas, Lagenorhynchus acutus, L. albirostris, and Orcinus orca, and has 

 found hairs on them all. He does not believe that there are any hairless 

 species. There is no casting of hairs in Cetacea. 



In some ways the hairs of Cetaceans show regressive changes, e.g. 

 those that have led to the complete disappearance of hair-muscles and 

 glands, to the marked reduction of the hair-shaft, and to the unification 

 of the root-sheath. 



But there are also specializations, notably the large number of me- 

 dullated nerve-fibres supplying each hair, and the peculiar lamella-like 

 corpuscles in Avhich these end in the hair-follicle. The innervation is so 

 highly developed, that in baleen whales at least the hairs have an im- 

 portant role in food-getting. There seems to be no fundamental dif- 

 ference between the hairs of baleen whales and toothed whales, though 

 there is some indication that they are more retrogressive in the latter. 



Dimensions of Red Blood-corpuscles.f — A. Magnan has measured 

 these in numerous species, and finds that in many cases they are about 

 the same, 13"3 /a by 6*5 /a. Some of the large birds of prey have dis- 

 tinctly larger corpuscles, e.g. 17 "7 /a by 8 /a in the \ultnve (Gyps fidvus), 

 but there seems to be no general correlation between size of bird and 

 size of corpuscle. In Milvus ictinus and Ligurus chJoris the same in- 

 dividuals showed variations between 13*3/x. and 15 '5 /t. In short, the 

 conditions of size are less defined than in mammals, where, for instance, 

 the elephant's corpuscles are 9 * 5 /x in diameter, man's 7 ■ 5 /a, the dog's 

 7 /A, the horse's 6 ' 5 /a, the ox's 5 • 5 /a, the Javanese chevrotain's 2 /a. 



Epidermis and Lip-plates of certain Cyprinids.l — E. Pawlowsky 

 deals in particular with Schizothorax intcrmedius and Capoeta keratensis. 

 He describes the typical goblet cells, and also spherical or oval mucus 

 cells, with a central nucleus and vesicular cytoplasm round about. The 

 peculiar horny sheath of the lower lip of Schizothorax has probably its 

 counterpart in the " Perlhocker " which Maurer has described in Idus 

 melanotus and other forms. 



Organic Substances. — F. K. Studnicka proposes a classification of 

 the substances which enter into the construction of the animal body. 

 Besides (A) protoplasm, there are (B) deutoplasmic or metaplasmic sub- 



* Zool. Jahrb., xxxii. (1911) pp. 1-42 (3 pis. and 4 figs.). 



t C.R. Soc. Biol., Ixxi. (1911) pp. 495-6. 



X Zool. Jahrb., xxsi. (1911) pp. 288-316 (3 pis.). 



§ Anat. Anzeig., xxxix. (1911) pp. 225-37. 



