ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 645 



little is known of their effects on the host, and no very serious damaii'e 

 is done so far as is known. 



F. W. Neger * reports two diseases on white alder in Norway : Taph- 

 rina epiphyJla, which induces the growth of witches' brooms, and Gnomo- 

 iiieUa alboiimculans, which attacks the leaves, causing chalky white spots. 



Lichens. 



(By A. LoRRAiN Smith.) 



Siberian Lichens.f — A. P]lenkiu and V. Savicz have issued a list of 

 Lichens from Eastern Siberia. On the microscopic character of the spores 

 they have formed a new genus. Gijropltoropsis, with gyrose fruits like 

 CTi/ropJiora, and muriforni spores like UmbiUcaria. Several species of 

 AUctoria have been placed by them in the genus Bryopogon. 



Lichen Symbiosis.| — Li a study of symbiosis J. Zellner reviews the 

 influence of the composite life ou the two organisms forming the lichen- 

 plant. He finds that the products of the lichen do not represent the 

 sum of the products of the alga and fungus, but are something different. 

 He comes to the conclusion that the fungus is more affected bv the 

 changed conditions than the alga. He discusses the lichen acids and the 

 biology of the plants, their assimulation, nutrition, etc. The character- 

 istics of alga, fungus, and lichen are represented in tabular form. 



New or Rare Californian Lichens. § — A.W. C. T. Herre publishes 

 descriptions of a number of lichens from California, several of them new 

 to science. He remarks on the great variety of soil and climatic condi- 

 tions within the state, and on the many problems of distribution to be 

 worked out. The larger lichens are already known, but little work has 

 been done among the obscure rock lichens. A number of the species are 

 British as well as Californian. 



European Pertusari8e.|j — H. Olivier has recently issued his summary 

 of this genus as represented in Europe. He records forty-three species. 

 In discussing their place in the systematic arrangement, he comes to the 

 conclusion that the most natural position is close to the Lecanora?, as 

 they are closely united to such lecanorine sections as Aspicilia, and still 

 more to Ochrolechia. Many of the species are widespread over Europe. 

 A certain number are endemic especially in the north. 



Mycetozoa. 



(By A. LoRRAiN Smith.) 



Study of Lycogala flavo-fuscum Rost.t — Ch. van Bambeke has 

 found a number of specimens of this rather rare Mycetozoon in the 



* Naturw. Porst-Landw. Stuttgart, x. (1912) pp. 345-50. See also Bull. Bur. 

 Agric. InteU. Rome (191^) p. 1682. 



t Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersbourg, viii. (1911) pp. 26-49 

 (fig.). See also Bot. Centralbl., cxx. (1912) p. 208. 



X Beih. Bot. Centralbl., xxviii. (1912) pp. 477-9. 



§ Brvologist, XV. (1912) pp. 81-7. 



li Bull. Geogr. Bot., xxii. (1912) pp. 193-224. 



^ L'Histoire de Lycogala flavo-fuscum. Brussels: Hayez (1912) 22 pp. (3 pis.). 



