1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 31 



pulp, one-third of that was also shipped as pulp, the remaining 

 two-thirds being manufactured into paper in Canada. 



There were four main processes of manufacture, and some 

 minor prbcesses, which were not commercially profitable. The 

 beginning of the manufacture of paper, from wood, dated from 

 about 1863, and the new extensive sulphite process from about 

 1883. The reason why forest timber could be used to such 

 advantage in paper making was due to the fact of the relative 

 shortness of its fibre. The length of fibre in the Black and 

 Balsam Spruce was better for the manufacture of news print 

 paper than it was in the other woods of the forest. Black Spruce 

 contributed 70 per cent of the pulp used for this purpose and 

 Balsam Spruce about 25 per cent. In addition other conifers 

 such as the Jack Pine and Hemlock Spruce were also used in 

 limited quantities, as also were Poplars and Basswood among 

 deciduous trees. The conifers were easily amenable to the 

 chemical treatment necessary in paper making, while the Black 

 Spruce and Balsam were the two which were also very easily 

 bleached. The lignin, which is in larger proportion in some 

 woods than in others, is the cause of discoloration. The chemical 

 process, used to reduce spruce wood, dissolves out most of the 

 lignin, leaving the 65 per cent of cellulose, which spruce contains, 

 available for paper. In one process an alkaline solution is tised 

 by which the guins, resins, etc., of the woods are dissolved out. 



By means of the several chemical processes now used the 

 best quality of paper is made. The large proportion of 54 per 

 cent of the total, however, is made from mechanically ground 

 pulp in which the lignin, etc., still remains. In many cases this 

 mechanically made pulp is mixed with a smaller percentage of 

 chemically treated pulp, which then gives a paper of better 

 color and quality. 



The stilphite is the most important of the chemical processes. 

 This process is one which u§es a liquor, made by burning sulphur 

 etc., in which the pulp wood is cooked. The chemical reactions 

 which result, involves the ketone compounds, which unite with 

 the stdphur and separate from the cellulose. The wood previous 

 to the ten hour's cooking is barked and chopped into small blocks. 

 In addition to the sulphite process the sulphate and the soda 

 processes are also used in the manufacture of pulp-wood into 

 paper. Craft or brown and all unbleached papers are made by 

 a soda and sulphide process. 



Those present were: — Messrs. Bartlett, Buck, Blackader, 

 D. A. Campbell, R. H. Campbell, Dexter, Dickson, Eddy, Grind- 

 ley, Low, Lawler, Masters, Rice, Robertson, Tulley, and the host, 

 Mr. Geo. H. Clark. F. E. B. 



