SAFETY IN HOUSE-DRAINAGE. 



305 



"wash-out" closets, so called, with the allied forms of "short 

 hoppers " and " long hoppers," and the complicated and danger- 

 ous "plunger," "valve," and "pan closets," all depend on the 

 weight of a stream or hody 

 of water falling from above 

 to force out the waste matter 

 from the bowl of the closet 

 through the trap below. This 

 force is rarely sufficient to 

 give proper flushing action, 

 even with a shallow trap- 

 seal. A deeper trap would 

 oppose too much resistance 

 to the discharge of waste 

 matters from closets of the 

 kind just referred to. Clean- 

 liness and safety can be se- 

 cured only by a greatly modi- 



„jj.% , ,. Fig. 10.— "Shobt-Hoppbr" Water-Closet, SHOWING 



ned torm ot construction, accumulatioks op fu-th in ths bowl. 



and by the employment of 



totally different means for flushing. The principles of the siphon 

 and of the water-jet have been applied successfully to this pur- 

 pose, so that deep and safe water-seals can be used which are in 

 full view at all times. 



The illustration, Fig. 11, shows a form of siphon closet devised 

 by Colonel Waring. The flushing is effected by opening a valve in 



a tank above, which pro- 

 duces a quick rush of 

 water into the bowl. 

 This fills the longer arm 

 of the siphon and the 

 weir-chamber below by 

 the overflow through 

 the neck or short arm. 

 As soon as this takes 

 place, the contents of 

 the bowl are forcibly 

 drawn out by siphonic 

 action and discharged 

 into the waste - pipe, 

 after which the normal 

 level of the water in 

 the bowl is re-established by an after-fill from the tank. 



There are, however, certain so-called pneumatic or siphon 

 closets which should be carefully avoided on account of their 

 having a double trap. This principle of construction is directly 



TOL. XXXIII. — 20 



Fig. 11.— a Sttoon Clobet, with Deep Watep.-Seal. 



