4i8 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



theories may explain how moral laws and 

 their sanction became known, neither of 

 them goes to their origin; neither explains 

 the imperativeness with which recognized 

 moral law speaks to the human heart. Like- 

 wise, no final reason for the enforcement of 

 moral obligation can be found in a Supreme 

 Will, or in the beneficent ends which may 

 be regarded as resulting from actions, or in 

 the egoistic principles, whether rationalist, 

 {esthetic, or sentimental, as are implied in 

 other theories. The real ground of moi'al 

 obligation is held to lie in the eternal nature 

 of God — " in the immutable moral nature of 

 the Supreme Personal Being who is the ori- 

 ginal and archetype of all human beings." 

 Of the three parts into which the body of 

 the book is divided, the first is devoted to 

 the ascertainment and distribution of fun- 

 damental principles ; the second to a dis- 

 cussion of those principles, under the general 

 heading of " Theoretic Morality " ; and the 

 third to practical morality. 



The Manuai. Training School. By C. M. 

 Woodward, Ph. D. Boston : D. C. Heath 

 & Co. Pp. 366. Price, $2. 



No one can read Prof. Woodward's book 

 without getting from it an interest in the 

 aims of the manual training schools of Amer- 

 ica, a belief in their methods, and a respect 

 for their results. The author, who has been 

 director of the Manual Training School of 

 Washington University, in St. LohIs, since 

 its organization in 1880, naturally has most 

 to tell about the history and experience of 

 that institution, but he gives much informa- 

 tion also abovjt manual training schools of 

 other cities in this country, and similar 

 schools which he has visited abroad. He 

 describes the fittings and tools which the 

 workshops should have, also many suitable 

 exercises in drawing, in bench-work, turn- 

 ing, and carving in wood, and in forging, 

 foundry-work, and machine-shop work, all of 

 which is illustrated with sketches and draw- 

 ings. The St. Louis school is too young to 

 have much of a record in the success of its 

 graduates in their life-callings, many of them 

 at the time of writing of this book being 

 still students in higher institutions ; but the 

 director has collected enough replies to a 

 circular letter to show that those graduates 

 who have been employed beside young men 



without such training have generally taken 

 higher positions and pay, while their capa- 

 bleness has disposed their employers to pre- 

 fer such graduates over other applicants for 

 employment. Several addresses given by 

 the author at various times and places, and 

 dealing with special features of the subject, 

 are incorporated in this volume. The closing 

 chapter and the appendices contain plans of 

 the buildings occupied by the schools of St. 

 Louis and Toledo, the courses of study in 

 those schools, and suggestions in regard to 

 administration. 



Artistic Modern Houses at Low Cost, by 

 JR. W. Shoppell (Co-operative Building Asso- 

 ciation, New York, 25 cents), gives sixty 

 designs, with plans, etc., including those de- 

 signs the general types of which have pleased 

 the largest number of customers, selected 

 from the other books published by the Asso- 

 ciation. The estimates of cost range from 

 $650 to $3,875 ; and the publishers guaran- 

 tee that the actual cost of construction in 

 each case shall be covered by the estimates 

 which they are prepared to furnish, with de- 

 tailed plans and specifications. 



Tlie Drainage ■of a House, by William 

 Paul Gerhard, C. E. (Boston, Rand-Avery 

 Company), embodies in a neat pocket pam- 

 phlet of fifteen pages a summary of the ob- 

 jects to be sought, and the general prin- 

 ciples to be observed in providing for drain- 

 age and the removal and disposal of all 

 waste waters from the house. 



Four prizes were offered by Mr. Henry 

 Lomb, of Rochester, N. Y., several months 

 ago, through the American Public Health 

 Association, for as many " best " essays on 

 designated subjects relative to the health of 

 families, school-children, and workmen. The 

 essays to which the prizes were awarded 

 have been published by the Association in 

 separate pamphlets, at ten and five cents 

 each, and together, in a bound volume, 

 thoroughly indexed, at fifty cents. They are 

 Healthy Homes and Foods for the Workincf- 

 Classes, by Victor C. Vaughan, M. D., in 

 which are considered the location, adapta- 

 tion to it, arrangement, heating and venti- 

 lation, water-supply and disposal of waste, 

 care, and all other points about the house in 

 which questions of health may be involved, 

 and discussions of the value and healthful- 



